print() print(f"{variable}") \n \t \b \\ \' \" {{ }} [special character] * x -> "=" * 10 > input() to_variable = input("Prompt") // rounded division 

int, float, string, bool, NoneType, tuple, list, dict >type(var) # returns data type of var > bit_length() # how many bits in binary > conversions: int(var), str(), float(), bool() 

# MATH > len(string) > count(string) # counts occurences of string in target string """block string""" # allows for multiline string without \n # EXAMPLE text = """ Python is easy to learn. Python is powerful Many people love python """ print(text.count("python")) # TRANSFORMATION > replace("old_string", "new_string") # CONCATENATION " " + string_value # STRING SPLITTING > split() # splits string on given character and turns it into a list date.split("-") # INDEXING / STRING EXTRACTION [start(included) : end(not included) : step] -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -> negative indexing h e l l o 0 1 2 3 4 -> positive indexing # CLEANING WHITESPACES only left only right > lstrip() -> " dog " <- rstrip() > strip() - both left and right Use strip for user inputs since we don't know where they could enter spaces! DOESN'T REMOVE SPACES INSIDE STRING # CLEANING CASES > lower() > upper() > capitalize() > swapcase() # SEARCHING > startswith() # checks if string starts with given string, returns True/False > endswith() # checks if string ends with given string, returns True/False > in # searches value in value, returns True/False > find() # returns the STARTING POSITION of the searched value # VALIDATION > isalpha() # checks if string contains only letters > isnumeric() # checks if string contains only numbers. float numbers (".") are not allowed, "." is a char # both return True/False 

# NUMERIC TYPES > int() > float() > complex(a, b) -> eg. 2 + 5j # MATH OPERATORS + - * / // -> rounded division (floor). int output % -> remainder. prints leftover. useful for checking if number is even or odd ** -> exponentation. base to power of exponent # OPERATOR SHORTCUTS x += 3 --is short for --> x = x + 3 += -= *= /= # ROUNDING > abs() # useful for measuring distance/size. always positive value to use the functions below: import math > floor() # rounds EVERYTHING down > ceil() # rounds everything up > round() # rounds everything up OR down TO THE NEAREST EVEN VALUE. round(1.5) is 2 etc. we can also set amount of decimal spaces for round() round(value, 3) # 3 decimal spaces > trunc() # removes decimal spaces without rounding. equivalent of int() # RANDOM NUMBERS requires importing random module import random > random.random() # generates a random float number > random.randint(from, to) # generates a random int number in range from to to # NUMBER VALIDATION > x.isinteger() # checks if value(of x object) is an int. returns True/False. is a !!class method!! > isinstance(value, float) # we can check if value is an int or float etc