runs has improved versions of call(), check_call(), check_output(), and run() from Python's subprocess module that handle multiple commands and blocks of text, fix some defects, and add some features.

import runs runs('''  ls  df -k # or perhaps -h?  echo 'Done and done' ''')

---

subprocess is essential but:

• You can only run one command at a time
• Commands to subprocess must be either a sequence of strings or a string, depending on whether shell=True or not
• Results are returned by default as bytes and not strings

---

The runs functions let you run a block of text as a sequence of subprocess calls.

runs provides call-compatible replacements for the functions subprocess.call(), subprocess.check_call(), subprocess.check_output(), and subprocess.run()

Each replacement function takes a block of text, which is split into individual command lines, or a list of commands, and returns a list of values, one for each command. A block of text can contain line continuations, and comments, which are ignored.

The replacement functions also add optional logging, error handling, and lazy evaluation, and use UTF-8 encoding by default.

The module runs is callable - runs() is a synonym for runs.run().

EXAMPLES:

# ``runs()`` or ``runs.run()`` writes to stdout and stderr just as if you'd run # the commands from the terminal import runs runs('echo "hello, world!"') # prints hello, world! # runs.check_output() returns a list, one string result for each command results = check_output('''  echo line one # Here's line one.  echo 'line " two "' # and two! ''') assert results == ['line one', 'line " two "'] # Line continuations work too, either single or double runs('''  ls -cail   # One command that takes many lines.  g++ -DDEBUG -O0 -g -std=c++17 -pthread -I ./include -lm -lstdc++ \  -Wall -Wextra -Wno-strict-aliasing -Wpedantic \\  -MMD -MP -MF -c src/tests.cpp -o build/./src/tests.cpp.o   echo DONE  ''')

NOTES:

Exactly like subprocess, runs differs from the shell in a few ways, so you can't just paste your shell scripts in:

• Redirection doesn't work.

result = runs.check_output('echo foo > bar.txt') assert result == ['foo > bar.txt\n']

• Pipes don't work.

result = runs.check_output('echo foo | wc') assert result == ['foo | wc \n']

• Environment variables are not expanded in command lines

result = runs.check_output('echo $FOO', env={'FOO': 'bah!'}) assert result == ['$FOO\n']

Environment variables are exported to the subprocess, absolutely, but no environment variable expension happens on command lines.

runs( commands, *args, iterate=False, encoding='utf8', on_exception=None, echo=False, **kwargs, )

(runs.py, 186-200)

Call subprocess.run() on each command. Return a list of subprocess.CompletedProcess instances. See the help for subprocess.run() for more information.

Arguments:

commands:

A string, which gets split into lines on line endings, or a list of strings.

args:

Positional arguments to subprocess.run() (but prefer keyword arguments!)

on_exception:

If on_exception is False, the default, exceptions from subprocess.run() are raised as usual.

If on_exception is True, they are ignored.

If on_exception is a callable, the line that caused the exception is passed to it.

If on_exception is a string, the line causing the exception is printed, prefixed with that string.

echo:

If echo is False, the default, then commands are silently executed. If echo is True, commands are printed prefixed with $ If echo is a string, commands are printed prefixed with that string If echo is callable, then each command is passed to it.

iterate:

If iterate is False, the default, then a list of results is returned.

Otherwise an iterator of results which is returned, allowing for lazy evaluation.

encoding:

Like the argument to subprocess.run(), except the default is 'utf8'

kwargs:

Named arguments passed on to subprocess.run()

runs.call( commands, *args, iterate=False, encoding='utf8', on_exception=None, echo=False, **kwargs, )

(runs.py, 186-200)

Call subprocess.call() on each command. Return a list of integer returncodes, one for each command executed. See the help for subprocess.call() for more information.

Arguments:

commands:

A string, which gets split into lines on line endings, or a list of strings.

args:

Positional arguments to subprocess.call() (but prefer keyword arguments!)

on_exception:

If on_exception is False, the default, exceptions from subprocess.call() are raised as usual.

If on_exception is True, they are ignored.

If on_exception is a callable, the line that caused the exception is passed to it.

If on_exception is a string, the line causing the exception is printed, prefixed with that string.

echo:

If echo is False, the default, then commands are silently executed. If echo is True, commands are printed prefixed with $ If echo is a string, commands are printed prefixed with that string If echo is callable, then each command is passed to it.

iterate:

If iterate is False, the default, then a list of results is returned.

Otherwise an iterator of results which is returned, allowing for lazy evaluation.

encoding:

Like the argument to subprocess.call(), except the default is 'utf8'

kwargs:

Named arguments passed on to subprocess.call()

runs.check_call( commands, *args, iterate=False, encoding='utf8', on_exception=None, echo=False, **kwargs, )

(runs.py, 186-200)

Call subprocess.check_call() on each command. If any command has a non-zero returncode, raise subprocess.CallProcessError.

See the help for subprocess.check_call() for more information.

Arguments:

commands:

A string, which gets split into lines on line endings, or a list of strings.

args:

Positional arguments to subprocess.check_call() (but prefer keyword arguments!)

on_exception:

If on_exception is False, the default, exceptions from subprocess.check_call() are raised as usual.

If on_exception is True, they are ignored.

If on_exception is a callable, the line that caused the exception is passed to it.

If on_exception is a string, the line causing the exception is printed, prefixed with that string.

echo:

If echo is False, the default, then commands are silently executed. If echo is True, commands are printed prefixed with $ If echo is a string, commands are printed prefixed with that string If echo is callable, then each command is passed to it.

iterate:

If iterate is False, the default, then a list of results is returned.

Otherwise an iterator of results which is returned, allowing for lazy evaluation.

encoding:

Like the argument to subprocess.check_call(), except the default is 'utf8'

kwargs:

Named arguments passed on to subprocess.check_call()

runs.check_output( commands, *args, iterate=False, encoding='utf8', on_exception=None, echo=False, **kwargs, )

(runs.py, 186-200)

Call subprocess.check_output() on each command. If a command has a non-zero exit code, raise a subprocess.CallProcessError. Otherwise, return the results as a list of strings, one for each command. See the help for subprocess.check_output() for more information.

Arguments:

commands:

A string, which gets split into lines on line endings, or a list of strings.

args:

Positional arguments to subprocess.check_output() (but prefer keyword arguments!)

on_exception:

If on_exception is False, the default, exceptions from subprocess.check_output() are raised as usual.

If on_exception is True, they are ignored.

If on_exception is a callable, the line that caused the exception is passed to it.

If on_exception is a string, the line causing the exception is printed, prefixed with that string.

echo:

If echo is False, the default, then commands are silently executed. If echo is True, commands are printed prefixed with $ If echo is a string, commands are printed prefixed with that string If echo is callable, then each command is passed to it.

iterate:

If iterate is False, the default, then a list of results is returned.

Otherwise an iterator of results which is returned, allowing for lazy evaluation.

encoding:

Like the argument to subprocess.check_output(), except the default is 'utf8'

kwargs:

Named arguments passed on to subprocess.check_output()

(automatically generated by doks on 2020-12-16T13:48:26.579866)