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chromium / external / gitster / git-htmldocs / ca8e07cd1946b3cef21a33dedcd5794a1e119cc0 / . / gitprotocol-pack.html
blob: 5c2ccb2e5446ab8149bbef450c4021e31ad154aa [file] [log] [blame]
Junio C Hamanob96f40a2024-08-01 00:57:25[diff] [blame]1<!DOCTYPE html>
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442<body class="manpage">
443<div id="header">
444<h1>gitprotocol-pack(5) Manual Page</h1>
445<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
446<div class="sectionbody">
447<p>gitprotocol-pack - How packs are transferred over-the-wire</p>
448</div>
449</div>
450<div id="content">
451<div class="sect1">
452<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
453<div class="sectionbody">
454<div class="verseblock">
455<pre class="content">&lt;over-the-wire-protocol&gt;</pre>
456</div>
457</div>
458</div>
459<div class="sect1">
460<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
461<div class="sectionbody">
462<div class="paragraph">
463<p>Git supports transferring data in packfiles over the ssh://, git://, http:// and
464file:// transports. There exist two sets of protocols, one for pushing
465data from a client to a server and another for fetching data from a
466server to a client. The three transports (ssh, git, file) use the same
467protocol to transfer data. http is documented in <a href="gitprotocol-http.html">gitprotocol-http(5)</a>.</p>
468</div>
469<div class="paragraph">
470<p>The processes invoked in the canonical Git implementation are <em>upload-pack</em>
471on the server side and <em>fetch-pack</em> on the client side for fetching data;
472then <em>receive-pack</em> on the server and <em>send-pack</em> on the client for pushing
473data. The protocol functions to have a server tell a client what is
474currently on the server, then for the two to negotiate the smallest amount
475of data to send in order to fully update one or the other.</p>
476</div>
477</div>
478</div>
479<div class="sect1">
480<h2 id="_pkt_line_format">pkt-line Format</h2>
481<div class="sectionbody">
482<div class="paragraph">
483<p>The descriptions below build on the pkt-line format described in
Junio C Hamanodc392382024-10-11 18:57:29[diff] [blame]484<a href="gitprotocol-common.html">gitprotocol-common(5)</a>. When the grammar indicates <code>PKT-LINE</code>(<code>...</code>), unless
Junio C Hamanob96f40a2024-08-01 00:57:25[diff] [blame]485otherwise noted the usual pkt-line LF rules apply: the sender SHOULD
486include a LF, but the receiver MUST NOT complain if it is not present.</p>
487</div>
488<div class="paragraph">
489<p>An error packet is a special pkt-line that contains an error string.</p>
490</div>
491<div class="listingblock">
492<div class="content">
493<pre> error-line = PKT-LINE("ERR" SP explanation-text)</pre>
494</div>
495</div>
496<div class="paragraph">
Junio C Hamanodc392382024-10-11 18:57:29[diff] [blame]497<p>Throughout the protocol, where <code>PKT-LINE</code>(<code>...</code>) is expected, an error packet MAY
Junio C Hamanob96f40a2024-08-01 00:57:25[diff] [blame]498be sent. Once this packet is sent by a client or a server, the data transfer
499process defined in this protocol is terminated.</p>
500</div>
501</div>
502</div>
503<div class="sect1">
504<h2 id="_transports">Transports</h2>
505<div class="sectionbody">
506<div class="paragraph">
507<p>There are three transports over which the packfile protocol is
508initiated. The Git transport is a simple, unauthenticated server that
509takes the command (almost always <em>upload-pack</em>, though Git
510servers can be configured to be globally writable, in which <em>receive-
511pack</em> initiation is also allowed) with which the client wishes to
512communicate and executes it and connects it to the requesting
513process.</p>
514</div>
515<div class="paragraph">
516<p>In the SSH transport, the client just runs the <em>upload-pack</em>
517or <em>receive-pack</em> process on the server over the SSH protocol and then
518communicates with that invoked process over the SSH connection.</p>
519</div>
520<div class="paragraph">
521<p>The file:// transport runs the <em>upload-pack</em> or <em>receive-pack</em>
522process locally and communicates with it over a pipe.</p>
523</div>
524</div>
525</div>
526<div class="sect1">
527<h2 id="_extra_parameters">Extra Parameters</h2>
528<div class="sectionbody">
529<div class="paragraph">
530<p>The protocol provides a mechanism in which clients can send additional
531information in its first message to the server. These are called "Extra
532Parameters", and are supported by the Git, SSH, and HTTP protocols.</p>
533</div>
534<div class="paragraph">
Junio C Hamanodc392382024-10-11 18:57:29[diff] [blame]535<p>Each Extra Parameter takes the form of <em>&lt;key&gt;</em><code>=</code><em>&lt;value&gt;</em> or <em>&lt;key&gt;</em>.</p>
Junio C Hamanob96f40a2024-08-01 00:57:25[diff] [blame]536</div>
537<div class="paragraph">
538<p>Servers that receive any such Extra Parameters MUST ignore all
539unrecognized keys. Currently, the only Extra Parameter recognized is
540"version" with a value of <em>1</em> or <em>2</em>. See <a href="gitprotocol-v2.html">gitprotocol-v2(5)</a> for more
541information on protocol version 2.</p>
542</div>
543</div>
544</div>
545<div class="sect1">
546<h2 id="_git_transport">Git Transport</h2>
547<div class="sectionbody">
548<div class="paragraph">
549<p>The Git transport starts off by sending the command and repository
550on the wire using the pkt-line format, followed by a NUL byte and a
551hostname parameter, terminated by a NUL byte.</p>
552</div>
553<div class="literalblock">
554<div class="content">
555<pre>0033git-upload-pack /project.git\0host=myserver.com\0</pre>
556</div>
557</div>
558<div class="paragraph">
559<p>The transport may send Extra Parameters by adding an additional NUL
560byte, and then adding one or more NUL-terminated strings:</p>
561</div>
562<div class="literalblock">
563<div class="content">
564<pre>003egit-upload-pack /project.git\0host=myserver.com\0\0version=1\0</pre>
565</div>
566</div>
567<div class="openblock">
568<div class="content">
569<div class="literalblock">
570<div class="content">
571<pre>git-proto-request = request-command SP pathname NUL
572 [ host-parameter NUL ] [ NUL extra-parameters ]
573request-command = "git-upload-pack" / "git-receive-pack" /
574 "git-upload-archive" ; case sensitive
575pathname = *( %x01-ff ) ; exclude NUL
576host-parameter = "host=" hostname [ ":" port ]
577extra-parameters = 1*extra-parameter
578extra-parameter = 1*( %x01-ff ) NUL</pre>
579</div>
580</div>
581</div>
582</div>
583<div class="paragraph">
584<p>host-parameter is used for the
585git-daemon name based virtual hosting. See --interpolated-path
586option to git daemon, with the %H/%CH format characters.</p>
587</div>
588<div class="paragraph">
589<p>Basically what the Git client is doing to connect to an <em>upload-pack</em>
590process on the server side over the Git protocol is this:</p>
591</div>
592<div class="literalblock">
593<div class="content">
594<pre>$ echo -e -n \
595 "003agit-upload-pack /schacon/gitbook.git\0host=example.com\0" |
596 nc -v example.com 9418</pre>
597</div>
598</div>
599</div>
600</div>
601<div class="sect1">
602<h2 id="_ssh_transport">SSH Transport</h2>
603<div class="sectionbody">
604<div class="paragraph">
605<p>Initiating the upload-pack or receive-pack processes over SSH is
606executing the binary on the server via SSH remote execution.
607It is basically equivalent to running this:</p>
608</div>
609<div class="literalblock">
610<div class="content">
611<pre>$ ssh git.example.com "git-upload-pack '/project.git'"</pre>
612</div>
613</div>
614<div class="paragraph">
615<p>For a server to support Git pushing and pulling for a given user over
616SSH, that user needs to be able to execute one or both of those
617commands via the SSH shell that they are provided on login. On some
618systems, that shell access is limited to only being able to run those
619two commands, or even just one of them.</p>
620</div>
621<div class="paragraph">
622<p>In an ssh:// format URI, it&#8217;s absolute in the URI, so the <em>/</em> after
623the host name (or port number) is sent as an argument, which is then
624read by the remote git-upload-pack exactly as is, so it&#8217;s effectively
625an absolute path in the remote filesystem.</p>
626</div>
627<div class="literalblock">
628<div class="content">
629<pre> git clone ssh://user@example.com/project.git
630 |
631 v
632ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack '/project.git'"</pre>
633</div>
634</div>
635<div class="paragraph">
636<p>In a "user@host:path" format URI, it&#8217;s relative to the user&#8217;s home
637directory, because the Git client will run:</p>
638</div>
639<div class="literalblock">
640<div class="content">
641<pre> git clone user@example.com:project.git
642 |
643 v
644ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack 'project.git'"</pre>
645</div>
646</div>
647<div class="paragraph">
648<p>The exception is if a <em>~</em> is used, in which case
649we execute it without the leading <em>/</em>.</p>
650</div>
651<div class="literalblock">
652<div class="content">
653<pre> ssh://user@example.com/~alice/project.git,
654 |
655 v
656ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack '~alice/project.git'"</pre>
657</div>
658</div>
659<div class="paragraph">
660<p>Depending on the value of the <code>protocol.version</code> configuration variable,
661Git may attempt to send Extra Parameters as a colon-separated string in
662the GIT_PROTOCOL environment variable. This is done only if
663the <code>ssh.variant</code> configuration variable indicates that the ssh command
664supports passing environment variables as an argument.</p>
665</div>
666<div class="paragraph">
667<p>A few things to remember here:</p>
668</div>
669<div class="ulist">
670<ul>
671<li>
672<p>The "command name" is spelled with dash (e.g. git-upload-pack), but
673this can be overridden by the client;</p>
674</li>
675<li>
676<p>The repository path is always quoted with single quotes.</p>
677</li>
678</ul>
679</div>
680</div>
681</div>
682<div class="sect1">
683<h2 id="_fetching_data_from_a_server">Fetching Data From a Server</h2>
684<div class="sectionbody">
685<div class="paragraph">
686<p>When one Git repository wants to get data that a second repository
687has, the first can <em>fetch</em> from the second. This operation determines
688what data the server has that the client does not then streams that
689data down to the client in packfile format.</p>
690</div>
691</div>
692</div>
693<div class="sect1">
694<h2 id="_reference_discovery">Reference Discovery</h2>
695<div class="sectionbody">
696<div class="paragraph">
697<p>When the client initially connects the server will immediately respond
698with a version number (if "version=1" is sent as an Extra Parameter),
699and a listing of each reference it has (all branches and tags) along
700with the object name that each reference currently points to.</p>
701</div>
702<div class="literalblock">
703<div class="content">
704<pre> $ echo -e -n "0045git-upload-pack /schacon/gitbook.git\0host=example.com\0\0version=1\0" |
705 nc -v example.com 9418
706 000eversion 1
707 00887217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 HEAD\0multi_ack thin-pack
708side-band side-band-64k ofs-delta shallow no-progress include-tag
709 00441d3fcd5ced445d1abc402225c0b8a1299641f497 refs/heads/integration
710 003f7217a7c7e582c46cec22a130adf4b9d7d950fba0 refs/heads/master
711 003cb88d2441cac0977faf98efc80305012112238d9d refs/tags/v0.9
712 003c525128480b96c89e6418b1e40909bf6c5b2d580f refs/tags/v1.0
713 003fe92df48743b7bc7d26bcaabfddde0a1e20cae47c refs/tags/v1.0^{}
714 0000</pre>
715</div>
716</div>
717<div class="paragraph">
718<p>The returned response is a pkt-line stream describing each ref and
719its current value. The stream MUST be sorted by name according to
720the C locale ordering.</p>
721</div>
722<div class="paragraph">
723<p>If HEAD is a valid ref, HEAD MUST appear as the first advertised
724ref. If HEAD is not a valid ref, HEAD MUST NOT appear in the
725advertisement list at all, but other refs may still appear.</p>
726</div>
727<div class="paragraph">
728<p>The stream MUST include capability declarations behind a NUL on the
729first ref. The peeled value of a ref (that is "ref^{}") MUST be
730immediately after the ref itself, if presented. A conforming server
731MUST peel the ref if it&#8217;s an annotated tag.</p>
732</div>
733<div class="listingblock">
734<div class="content">
735<pre> advertised-refs = *1("version 1")
736 (no-refs / list-of-refs)
737 *shallow
738 flush-pkt
739
740 no-refs = PKT-LINE(zero-id SP "capabilities^{}"
741 NUL capability-list)
742
743 list-of-refs = first-ref *other-ref
744 first-ref = PKT-LINE(obj-id SP refname
745 NUL capability-list)
746
747 other-ref = PKT-LINE(other-tip / other-peeled)
748 other-tip = obj-id SP refname
749 other-peeled = obj-id SP refname "^{}"
750
751 shallow = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id)
752
753 capability-list = capability *(SP capability)
754 capability = 1*(LC_ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "_")
755 LC_ALPHA = %x61-7A</pre>
756</div>
757</div>
758<div class="paragraph">
759<p>Server and client MUST use lowercase for obj-id, both MUST treat obj-id
760as case-insensitive.</p>
761</div>
762<div class="paragraph">
763<p>See protocol-capabilities.txt for a list of allowed server capabilities
764and descriptions.</p>
765</div>
766</div>
767</div>
768<div class="sect1">
769<h2 id="_packfile_negotiation">Packfile Negotiation</h2>
770<div class="sectionbody">
771<div class="paragraph">
772<p>After reference and capabilities discovery, the client can decide to
773terminate the connection by sending a flush-pkt, telling the server it can
774now gracefully terminate, and disconnect, when it does not need any pack
775data. This can happen with the ls-remote command, and also can happen when
776the client already is up to date.</p>
777</div>
778<div class="paragraph">
779<p>Otherwise, it enters the negotiation phase, where the client and
780server determine what the minimal packfile necessary for transport is,
781by telling the server what objects it wants, its shallow objects
782(if any), and the maximum commit depth it wants (if any). The client
783will also send a list of the capabilities it wants to be in effect,
784out of what the server said it could do with the first <em>want</em> line.</p>
785</div>
786<div class="listingblock">
787<div class="content">
788<pre> upload-request = want-list
789 *shallow-line
790 *1depth-request
791 [filter-request]
792 flush-pkt
793
794 want-list = first-want
795 *additional-want
796
797 shallow-line = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id)
798
799 depth-request = PKT-LINE("deepen" SP depth) /
800 PKT-LINE("deepen-since" SP timestamp) /
801 PKT-LINE("deepen-not" SP ref)
802
803 first-want = PKT-LINE("want" SP obj-id SP capability-list)
804 additional-want = PKT-LINE("want" SP obj-id)
805
806 depth = 1*DIGIT
807
808 filter-request = PKT-LINE("filter" SP filter-spec)</pre>
809</div>
810</div>
811<div class="paragraph">
812<p>Clients MUST send all the obj-ids it wants from the reference
813discovery phase as <em>want</em> lines. Clients MUST send at least one
814<em>want</em> command in the request body. Clients MUST NOT mention an
815obj-id in a <em>want</em> command which did not appear in the response
816obtained through ref discovery.</p>
817</div>
818<div class="paragraph">
819<p>The client MUST write all obj-ids which it only has shallow copies
820of (meaning that it does not have the parents of a commit) as
821<em>shallow</em> lines so that the server is aware of the limitations of
822the client&#8217;s history.</p>
823</div>
824<div class="paragraph">
825<p>The client now sends the maximum commit history depth it wants for
826this transaction, which is the number of commits it wants from the
827tip of the history, if any, as a <em>deepen</em> line. A depth of 0 is the
828same as not making a depth request. The client does not want to receive
829any commits beyond this depth, nor does it want objects needed only to
830complete those commits. Commits whose parents are not received as a
831result are defined as shallow and marked as such in the server. This
832information is sent back to the client in the next step.</p>
833</div>
834<div class="paragraph">
835<p>The client can optionally request that pack-objects omit various
836objects from the packfile using one of several filtering techniques.
837These are intended for use with partial clone and partial fetch
838operations. An object that does not meet a filter-spec value is
839omitted unless explicitly requested in a <em>want</em> line. See <code>rev-list</code>
840for possible filter-spec values.</p>
841</div>
842<div class="paragraph">
843<p>Once all the <em>want&#8217;s and 'shallow&#8217;s (and optional 'deepen</em>) are
844transferred, clients MUST send a flush-pkt, to tell the server side
845that it is done sending the list.</p>
846</div>
847<div class="paragraph">
848<p>Otherwise, if the client sent a positive depth request, the server
849will determine which commits will and will not be shallow and
850send this information to the client. If the client did not request
851a positive depth, this step is skipped.</p>
852</div>
853<div class="listingblock">
854<div class="content">
855<pre> shallow-update = *shallow-line
856 *unshallow-line
857 flush-pkt
858
859 shallow-line = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id)
860
861 unshallow-line = PKT-LINE("unshallow" SP obj-id)</pre>
862</div>
863</div>
864<div class="paragraph">
865<p>If the client has requested a positive depth, the server will compute
866the set of commits which are no deeper than the desired depth. The set
867of commits starts at the client&#8217;s wants.</p>
868</div>
869<div class="paragraph">
870<p>The server writes <em>shallow</em> lines for each
871commit whose parents will not be sent as a result. The server writes
872an <em>unshallow</em> line for each commit which the client has indicated is
873shallow, but is no longer shallow at the currently requested depth
874(that is, its parents will now be sent). The server MUST NOT mark
875as unshallow anything which the client has not indicated was shallow.</p>
876</div>
877<div class="paragraph">
878<p>Now the client will send a list of the obj-ids it has using <em>have</em>
879lines, so the server can make a packfile that only contains the objects
880that the client needs. In multi_ack mode, the canonical implementation
881will send up to 32 of these at a time, then will send a flush-pkt. The
882canonical implementation will skip ahead and send the next 32 immediately,
883so that there is always a block of 32 "in-flight on the wire" at a time.</p>
884</div>
885<div class="listingblock">
886<div class="content">
887<pre> upload-haves = have-list
888 compute-end
889
890 have-list = *have-line
891 have-line = PKT-LINE("have" SP obj-id)
892 compute-end = flush-pkt / PKT-LINE("done")</pre>
893</div>
894</div>
895<div class="paragraph">
896<p>If the server reads <em>have</em> lines, it then will respond by ACKing any
897of the obj-ids the client said it had that the server also has. The
898server will ACK obj-ids differently depending on which ack mode is
899chosen by the client.</p>
900</div>
901<div class="paragraph">
902<p>In multi_ack mode:</p>
903</div>
904<div class="ulist">
905<ul>
906<li>
907<p>the server will respond with <em>ACK obj-id continue</em> for any common
908commits.</p>
909</li>
910<li>
911<p>once the server has found an acceptable common base commit and is
912ready to make a packfile, it will blindly ACK all <em>have</em> obj-ids
913back to the client.</p>
914</li>
915<li>
916<p>the server will then send a <em>NAK</em> and then wait for another response
917from the client - either a <em>done</em> or another list of <em>have</em> lines.</p>
918</li>
919</ul>
920</div>
921<div class="paragraph">
922<p>In multi_ack_detailed mode:</p>
923</div>
924<div class="ulist">
925<ul>
926<li>
927<p>the server will differentiate the ACKs where it is signaling
928that it is ready to send data with <em>ACK obj-id ready</em> lines, and
929signals the identified common commits with <em>ACK obj-id common</em> lines.</p>
930</li>
931</ul>
932</div>
933<div class="paragraph">
934<p>Without either multi_ack or multi_ack_detailed:</p>
935</div>
936<div class="ulist">
937<ul>
938<li>
939<p>upload-pack sends "ACK obj-id" on the first common object it finds.
940After that it says nothing until the client gives it a "done".</p>
941</li>
942<li>
943<p>upload-pack sends "NAK" on a flush-pkt if no common object
944has been found yet. If one has been found, and thus an ACK
945was already sent, it&#8217;s silent on the flush-pkt.</p>
946</li>
947</ul>
948</div>
949<div class="paragraph">
950<p>After the client has gotten enough ACK responses that it can determine
951that the server has enough information to send an efficient packfile
952(in the canonical implementation, this is determined when it has received
953enough ACKs that it can color everything left in the --date-order queue
954as common with the server, or the --date-order queue is empty), or the
955client determines that it wants to give up (in the canonical implementation,
956this is determined when the client sends 256 <em>have</em> lines without getting
957any of them ACKed by the server - meaning there is nothing in common and
958the server should just send all of its objects), then the client will send
959a <em>done</em> command. The <em>done</em> command signals to the server that the client
960is ready to receive its packfile data.</p>
961</div>
962<div class="paragraph">
963<p>However, the 256 limit <strong>only</strong> turns on in the canonical client
964implementation if we have received at least one "ACK %s continue"
965during a prior round. This helps to ensure that at least one common
966ancestor is found before we give up entirely.</p>
967</div>
968<div class="paragraph">
969<p>Once the <em>done</em> line is read from the client, the server will either
970send a final <em>ACK obj-id</em> or it will send a <em>NAK</em>. <em>obj-id</em> is the object
971name of the last commit determined to be common. The server only sends
972ACK after <em>done</em> if there is at least one common base and multi_ack or
973multi_ack_detailed is enabled. The server always sends NAK after <em>done</em>
974if there is no common base found.</p>
975</div>
976<div class="paragraph">
977<p>Instead of <em>ACK</em> or <em>NAK</em>, the server may send an error message (for
978example, if it does not recognize an object in a <em>want</em> line received
979from the client).</p>
980</div>
981<div class="paragraph">
982<p>Then the server will start sending its packfile data.</p>
983</div>
984<div class="listingblock">
985<div class="content">
986<pre> server-response = *ack_multi ack / nak
987 ack_multi = PKT-LINE("ACK" SP obj-id ack_status)
988 ack_status = "continue" / "common" / "ready"
989 ack = PKT-LINE("ACK" SP obj-id)
990 nak = PKT-LINE("NAK")</pre>
991</div>
992</div>
993<div class="paragraph">
994<p>A simple clone may look like this (with no <em>have</em> lines):</p>
995</div>
996<div class="listingblock">
997<div class="content">
998<pre> C: 0054want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d multi_ack \
999 side-band-64k ofs-delta\n
1000 C: 0032want 7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe\n
1001 C: 0032want 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a\n
1002 C: 0032want 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01\n
1003 C: 0032want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n
1004 C: 0000
1005 C: 0009done\n
1006
1007 S: 0008NAK\n
1008 S: [PACKFILE]</pre>
1009</div>
1010</div>
1011<div class="paragraph">
1012<p>An incremental update (fetch) response might look like this:</p>
1013</div>
1014<div class="listingblock">
1015<div class="content">
1016<pre> C: 0054want 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d multi_ack \
1017 side-band-64k ofs-delta\n
1018 C: 0032want 7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe\n
1019 C: 0032want 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a\n
1020 C: 0000
1021 C: 0032have 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01\n
1022 C: [30 more have lines]
1023 C: 0032have 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n
1024 C: 0000
1025
1026 S: 003aACK 7e47fe2bd8d01d481f44d7af0531bd93d3b21c01 continue\n
1027 S: 003aACK 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d continue\n
1028 S: 0008NAK\n
1029
1030 C: 0009done\n
1031
1032 S: 0031ACK 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d\n
1033 S: [PACKFILE]</pre>
1034</div>
1035</div>
1036</div>
1037</div>
1038<div class="sect1">
1039<h2 id="_packfile_data">Packfile Data</h2>
1040<div class="sectionbody">
1041<div class="paragraph">
1042<p>Now that the client and server have finished negotiation about what
1043the minimal amount of data that needs to be sent to the client is, the server
1044will construct and send the required data in packfile format.</p>
1045</div>
1046<div class="paragraph">
1047<p>See <a href="gitformat-pack.html">gitformat-pack(5)</a> for what the packfile itself actually looks like.</p>
1048</div>
1049<div class="paragraph">
1050<p>If <em>side-band</em> or <em>side-band-64k</em> capabilities have been specified by
1051the client, the server will send the packfile data multiplexed.</p>
1052</div>
1053<div class="paragraph">
1054<p>Each packet starting with the packet-line length of the amount of data
1055that follows, followed by a single byte specifying the sideband the
1056following data is coming in on.</p>
1057</div>
1058<div class="paragraph">
1059<p>In <em>side-band</em> mode, it will send up to 999 data bytes plus 1 control
1060code, for a total of up to 1000 bytes in a pkt-line. In <em>side-band-64k</em>
1061mode it will send up to 65519 data bytes plus 1 control code, for a
1062total of up to 65520 bytes in a pkt-line.</p>
1063</div>
1064<div class="paragraph">
1065<p>The sideband byte will be a <em>1</em>, <em>2</em> or a <em>3</em>. Sideband <em>1</em> will contain
1066packfile data, sideband <em>2</em> will be used for progress information that the
1067client will generally print to stderr and sideband <em>3</em> is used for error
1068information.</p>
1069</div>
1070<div class="paragraph">
1071<p>If no <em>side-band</em> capability was specified, the server will stream the
1072entire packfile without multiplexing.</p>
1073</div>
1074</div>
1075</div>
1076<div class="sect1">
1077<h2 id="_pushing_data_to_a_server">Pushing Data To a Server</h2>
1078<div class="sectionbody">
1079<div class="paragraph">
1080<p>Pushing data to a server will invoke the <em>receive-pack</em> process on the
1081server, which will allow the client to tell it which references it should
1082update and then send all the data the server will need for those new
1083references to be complete. Once all the data is received and validated,
1084the server will then update its references to what the client specified.</p>
1085</div>
1086</div>
1087</div>
1088<div class="sect1">
1089<h2 id="_authentication">Authentication</h2>
1090<div class="sectionbody">
1091<div class="paragraph">
1092<p>The protocol itself contains no authentication mechanisms. That is to be
1093handled by the transport, such as SSH, before the <em>receive-pack</em> process is
1094invoked. If <em>receive-pack</em> is configured over the Git transport, those
1095repositories will be writable by anyone who can access that port (9418) as
1096that transport is unauthenticated.</p>
1097</div>
1098</div>
1099</div>
1100<div class="sect1">
1101<h2 id="_reference_discovery_2">Reference Discovery</h2>
1102<div class="sectionbody">
1103<div class="paragraph">
1104<p>The reference discovery phase is done nearly the same way as it is in the
1105fetching protocol. Each reference obj-id and name on the server is sent
1106in packet-line format to the client, followed by a flush-pkt. The only
1107real difference is that the capability listing is different - the only
1108possible values are <em>report-status</em>, <em>report-status-v2</em>, <em>delete-refs</em>,
1109<em>ofs-delta</em>, <em>atomic</em> and <em>push-options</em>.</p>
1110</div>
1111</div>
1112</div>
1113<div class="sect1">
1114<h2 id="_reference_update_request_and_packfile_transfer">Reference Update Request and Packfile Transfer</h2>
1115<div class="sectionbody">
1116<div class="paragraph">
1117<p>Once the client knows what references the server is at, it can send a
1118list of reference update requests. For each reference on the server
1119that it wants to update, it sends a line listing the obj-id currently on
1120the server, the obj-id the client would like to update it to and the name
1121of the reference.</p>
1122</div>
1123<div class="paragraph">
1124<p>This list is followed by a flush-pkt.</p>
1125</div>
1126<div class="listingblock">
1127<div class="content">
1128<pre> update-requests = *shallow ( command-list | push-cert )
1129
1130 shallow = PKT-LINE("shallow" SP obj-id)
1131
1132 command-list = PKT-LINE(command NUL capability-list)
1133 *PKT-LINE(command)
1134 flush-pkt
1135
1136 command = create / delete / update
1137 create = zero-id SP new-id SP name
1138 delete = old-id SP zero-id SP name
1139 update = old-id SP new-id SP name
1140
1141 old-id = obj-id
1142 new-id = obj-id
1143
1144 push-cert = PKT-LINE("push-cert" NUL capability-list LF)
1145 PKT-LINE("certificate version 0.1" LF)
1146 PKT-LINE("pusher" SP ident LF)
1147 PKT-LINE("pushee" SP url LF)
1148 PKT-LINE("nonce" SP nonce LF)
1149 *PKT-LINE("push-option" SP push-option LF)
1150 PKT-LINE(LF)
1151 *PKT-LINE(command LF)
1152 *PKT-LINE(gpg-signature-lines LF)
1153 PKT-LINE("push-cert-end" LF)
1154
1155 push-option = 1*( VCHAR | SP )</pre>
1156</div>
1157</div>
1158<div class="paragraph">
1159<p>If the server has advertised the <em>push-options</em> capability and the client has
1160specified <em>push-options</em> as part of the capability list above, the client then
1161sends its push options followed by a flush-pkt.</p>
1162</div>
1163<div class="listingblock">
1164<div class="content">
1165<pre> push-options = *PKT-LINE(push-option) flush-pkt</pre>
1166</div>
1167</div>
1168<div class="paragraph">
1169<p>For backwards compatibility with older Git servers, if the client sends a push
1170cert and push options, it MUST send its push options both embedded within the
1171push cert and after the push cert. (Note that the push options within the cert
1172are prefixed, but the push options after the cert are not.) Both these lists
1173MUST be the same, modulo the prefix.</p>
1174</div>
1175<div class="paragraph">
1176<p>After that the packfile that
1177should contain all the objects that the server will need to complete the new
1178references will be sent.</p>
1179</div>
1180<div class="listingblock">
1181<div class="content">
1182<pre> packfile = "PACK" 28*(OCTET)</pre>
1183</div>
1184</div>
1185<div class="paragraph">
1186<p>If the receiving end does not support delete-refs, the sending end MUST
1187NOT ask for delete command.</p>
1188</div>
1189<div class="paragraph">
1190<p>If the receiving end does not support push-cert, the sending end
1191MUST NOT send a push-cert command. When a push-cert command is
1192sent, command-list MUST NOT be sent; the commands recorded in the
1193push certificate is used instead.</p>
1194</div>
1195<div class="paragraph">
1196<p>The packfile MUST NOT be sent if the only command used is <em>delete</em>.</p>
1197</div>
1198<div class="paragraph">
1199<p>A packfile MUST be sent if either create or update command is used,
1200even if the server already has all the necessary objects. In this
1201case the client MUST send an empty packfile. The only time this
1202is likely to happen is if the client is creating
1203a new branch or a tag that points to an existing obj-id.</p>
1204</div>
1205<div class="paragraph">
1206<p>The server will receive the packfile, unpack it, then validate each
1207reference that is being updated that it hasn&#8217;t changed while the request
1208was being processed (the obj-id is still the same as the old-id), and
1209it will run any update hooks to make sure that the update is acceptable.
1210If all of that is fine, the server will then update the references.</p>
1211</div>
1212</div>
1213</div>
1214<div class="sect1">
1215<h2 id="_push_certificate">Push Certificate</h2>
1216<div class="sectionbody">
1217<div class="paragraph">
1218<p>A push certificate begins with a set of header lines. After the
1219header and an empty line, the protocol commands follow, one per
1220line. Note that the trailing LF in push-cert PKT-LINEs is <em>not</em>
1221optional; it must be present.</p>
1222</div>
1223<div class="paragraph">
1224<p>Currently, the following header fields are defined:</p>
1225</div>
1226<div class="dlist">
1227<dl>
1228<dt class="hdlist1"><code>pusher</code> ident</dt>
1229<dd>
1230<p>Identify the GPG key in "Human Readable Name &lt;email@address&gt;"
1231format.</p>
1232</dd>
1233<dt class="hdlist1"><code>pushee</code> url</dt>
1234<dd>
1235<p>The repository URL (anonymized, if the URL contains
Junio C Hamanodc392382024-10-11 18:57:29[diff] [blame]1236authentication material) the user who ran <code>git</code> <code>push</code>
Junio C Hamanob96f40a2024-08-01 00:57:25[diff] [blame]1237intended to push into.</p>
1238</dd>
1239<dt class="hdlist1"><code>nonce</code> nonce</dt>
1240<dd>
1241<p>The <em>nonce</em> string the receiving repository asked the
1242pushing user to include in the certificate, to prevent
1243replay attacks.</p>
1244</dd>
1245</dl>
1246</div>
1247<div class="paragraph">
1248<p>The GPG signature lines are a detached signature for the contents
1249recorded in the push certificate before the signature block begins.
1250The detached signature is used to certify that the commands were
1251given by the pusher, who must be the signer.</p>
1252</div>
1253</div>
1254</div>
1255<div class="sect1">
1256<h2 id="_report_status">Report Status</h2>
1257<div class="sectionbody">
1258<div class="paragraph">
1259<p>After receiving the pack data from the sender, the receiver sends a
1260report if <em>report-status</em> or <em>report-status-v2</em> capability is in effect.
1261It is a short listing of what happened in that update. It will first
1262list the status of the packfile unpacking as either <em>unpack ok</em> or
1263<em>unpack [error]</em>. Then it will list the status for each of the references
1264that it tried to update. Each line is either <em>ok [refname]</em> if the
1265update was successful, or <em>ng [refname] [error]</em> if the update was not.</p>
1266</div>
1267<div class="listingblock">
1268<div class="content">
1269<pre> report-status = unpack-status
1270 1*(command-status)
1271 flush-pkt
1272
1273 unpack-status = PKT-LINE("unpack" SP unpack-result)
1274 unpack-result = "ok" / error-msg
1275
1276 command-status = command-ok / command-fail
1277 command-ok = PKT-LINE("ok" SP refname)
1278 command-fail = PKT-LINE("ng" SP refname SP error-msg)
1279
1280 error-msg = 1*(OCTET) ; where not "ok"</pre>
1281</div>
1282</div>
1283<div class="paragraph">
1284<p>The <em>report-status-v2</em> capability extends the protocol by adding new option
1285lines in order to support reporting of reference rewritten by the
1286<em>proc-receive</em> hook. The <em>proc-receive</em> hook may handle a command for a
1287pseudo-reference which may create or update one or more references, and each
1288reference may have different name, different new-oid, and different old-oid.</p>
1289</div>
1290<div class="listingblock">
1291<div class="content">
1292<pre> report-status-v2 = unpack-status
1293 1*(command-status-v2)
1294 flush-pkt
1295
1296 unpack-status = PKT-LINE("unpack" SP unpack-result)
1297 unpack-result = "ok" / error-msg
1298
1299 command-status-v2 = command-ok-v2 / command-fail
1300 command-ok-v2 = command-ok
1301 *option-line
1302
1303 command-ok = PKT-LINE("ok" SP refname)
1304 command-fail = PKT-LINE("ng" SP refname SP error-msg)
1305
1306 error-msg = 1*(OCTET) ; where not "ok"
1307
1308 option-line = *1(option-refname)
1309 *1(option-old-oid)
1310 *1(option-new-oid)
1311 *1(option-forced-update)
1312
1313 option-refname = PKT-LINE("option" SP "refname" SP refname)
1314 option-old-oid = PKT-LINE("option" SP "old-oid" SP obj-id)
1315 option-new-oid = PKT-LINE("option" SP "new-oid" SP obj-id)
1316 option-force = PKT-LINE("option" SP "forced-update")</pre>
1317</div>
1318</div>
1319<div class="paragraph">
1320<p>Updates can be unsuccessful for a number of reasons. The reference can have
1321changed since the reference discovery phase was originally sent, meaning
1322someone pushed in the meantime. The reference being pushed could be a
1323non-fast-forward reference and the update hooks or configuration could be
1324set to not allow that, etc. Also, some references can be updated while others
1325can be rejected.</p>
1326</div>
1327<div class="paragraph">
1328<p>An example client/server communication might look like this:</p>
1329</div>
1330<div class="listingblock">
1331<div class="content">
1332<pre> S: 006274730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/local\0report-status delete-refs ofs-delta\n
1333 S: 003e7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe refs/heads/debug\n
1334 S: 003f74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/master\n
1335 S: 003d74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/team\n
1336 S: 0000
1337
1338 C: 00677d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/debug\n
1339 C: 006874730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a refs/heads/master\n
1340 C: 0000
1341 C: [PACKDATA]
1342
1343 S: 000eunpack ok\n
1344 S: 0018ok refs/heads/debug\n
1345 S: 002ang refs/heads/master non-fast-forward\n</pre>
1346</div>
1347</div>
1348</div>
1349</div>
1350<div class="sect1">
1351<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
1352<div class="sectionbody">
1353<div class="paragraph">
1354<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
1355</div>
1356</div>
1357</div>
1358</div>
1359<div id="footer">
1360<div id="footer-text">
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