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chromium / external / gitster / git-htmldocs / ca8e07cd1946b3cef21a33dedcd5794a1e119cc0 / . / gitnamespaces.html
blob: 7c013225db2e223a33b615230948dae10b65782f [file] [log] [blame]
Junio C Hamanob96f40a2024-08-01 00:57:25[diff] [blame]1<!DOCTYPE html>
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Junio C Hamanob96f40a2024-08-01 00:57:25[diff] [blame]8<title>gitnamespaces(7)</title>
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Junio C Hamanod6a33e42025-02-18 23:45:11[diff] [blame]331sup.footnote a:active,sup.footnoteref a:active,#footnotes .footnote a:first-of-type:active{text-decoration:underline}
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443<div id="header">
444<h1>gitnamespaces(7) Manual Page</h1>
445<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
446<div class="sectionbody">
447<p>gitnamespaces - Git namespaces</p>
448</div>
449</div>
450<div id="content">
451<div class="sect1">
452<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
453<div class="sectionbody">
454<div class="verseblock">
455<pre class="content">GIT_NAMESPACE=&lt;namespace&gt; <em>git upload-pack</em>
456GIT_NAMESPACE=&lt;namespace&gt; <em>git receive-pack</em></pre>
457</div>
458</div>
459</div>
460<div class="sect1">
461<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
462<div class="sectionbody">
463<div class="paragraph">
464<p>Git supports dividing the refs of a single repository into multiple
465namespaces, each of which has its own branches, tags, and HEAD. Git can
466expose each namespace as an independent repository to pull from and push
467to, while sharing the object store, and exposing all the refs to
468operations such as <a href="git-gc.html">git-gc(1)</a>.</p>
469</div>
470<div class="paragraph">
471<p>Storing multiple repositories as namespaces of a single repository
472avoids storing duplicate copies of the same objects, such as when
473storing multiple branches of the same source. The alternates mechanism
474provides similar support for avoiding duplicates, but alternates do not
475prevent duplication between new objects added to the repositories
476without ongoing maintenance, while namespaces do.</p>
477</div>
478<div class="paragraph">
479<p>To specify a namespace, set the <code>GIT_NAMESPACE</code> environment variable to
480the namespace. For each ref namespace, Git stores the corresponding
481refs in a directory under <code>refs/namespaces/</code>. For example,
482<code>GIT_NAMESPACE=foo</code> will store refs under <code>refs/namespaces/foo/</code>. You
483can also specify namespaces via the <code>--namespace</code> option to
484<a href="git.html">git(1)</a>.</p>
485</div>
486<div class="paragraph">
487<p>Note that namespaces which include a <code>/</code> will expand to a hierarchy of
488namespaces; for example, <code>GIT_NAMESPACE=foo/bar</code> will store refs under
489<code>refs/namespaces/foo/refs/namespaces/bar/</code>. This makes paths in
490<code>GIT_NAMESPACE</code> behave hierarchically, so that cloning with
491<code>GIT_NAMESPACE=foo/bar</code> produces the same result as cloning with
492<code>GIT_NAMESPACE=foo</code> and cloning from that repo with <code>GIT_NAMESPACE=bar</code>. It
493also avoids ambiguity with strange namespace paths such as <code>foo/refs/heads/</code>,
494which could otherwise generate directory/file conflicts within the <code>refs</code>
495directory.</p>
496</div>
497<div class="paragraph">
498<p><a href="git-upload-pack.html">git-upload-pack(1)</a> and <a href="git-receive-pack.html">git-receive-pack(1)</a> rewrite the
499names of refs as specified by <code>GIT_NAMESPACE</code>. git-upload-pack and
500git-receive-pack will ignore all references outside the specified
501namespace.</p>
502</div>
503<div class="paragraph">
504<p>The smart HTTP server, <a href="git-http-backend.html">git-http-backend(1)</a>, will pass
505GIT_NAMESPACE through to the backend programs; see
506<a href="git-http-backend.html">git-http-backend(1)</a> for sample configuration to expose
507repository namespaces as repositories.</p>
508</div>
509<div class="paragraph">
510<p>For a simple local test, you can use <a href="git-remote-ext.html">git-remote-ext(1)</a>:</p>
511</div>
512<div class="listingblock">
513<div class="content">
514<pre>git clone ext::'git --namespace=foo %s /tmp/prefixed.git'</pre>
515</div>
516</div>
517</div>
518</div>
519<div class="sect1">
520<h2 id="_security">SECURITY</h2>
521<div class="sectionbody">
522<div class="paragraph">
523<p>The fetch and push protocols are not designed to prevent one side from
524stealing data from the other repository that was not intended to be
525shared. If you have private data that you need to protect from a malicious
526peer, your best option is to store it in another repository. This applies
527to both clients and servers. In particular, namespaces on a server are not
528effective for read access control; you should only grant read access to a
529namespace to clients that you would trust with read access to the entire
530repository.</p>
531</div>
532<div class="paragraph">
533<p>The known attack vectors are as follows:</p>
534</div>
535<div class="olist arabic">
536<ol class="arabic">
537<li>
538<p>The victim sends "have" lines advertising the IDs of objects it has that
539are not explicitly intended to be shared but can be used to optimize the
540transfer if the peer also has them. The attacker chooses an object ID X
541to steal and sends a ref to X, but isn&#8217;t required to send the content of
542X because the victim already has it. Now the victim believes that the
543attacker has X, and it sends the content of X back to the attacker
544later. (This attack is most straightforward for a client to perform on a
545server, by creating a ref to X in the namespace the client has access
546to and then fetching it. The most likely way for a server to perform it
547on a client is to "merge" X into a public branch and hope that the user
548does additional work on this branch and pushes it back to the server
549without noticing the merge.)</p>
550</li>
551<li>
552<p>As in #1, the attacker chooses an object ID X to steal. The victim sends
553an object Y that the attacker already has, and the attacker falsely
554claims to have X and not Y, so the victim sends Y as a delta against X.
555The delta reveals regions of X that are similar to Y to the attacker.</p>
556</li>
557</ol>
558</div>
559</div>
560</div>
561<div class="sect1">
562<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
563<div class="sectionbody">
564<div class="paragraph">
565<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
566</div>
567</div>
568</div>
569</div>
570<div id="footer">
571<div id="footer-text">
Junio C Hamano1cc68cc2025-08-04 16:37:24[diff] [blame]572Last updated 2025-06-20 18:10:42 -0700
Junio C Hamanob96f40a2024-08-01 00:57:25[diff] [blame]573</div>
574</div>
575</body>
576</html>