Blame - git-commit.html - external/gitster/git-htmldocs

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Junio C Hamano	b96f40a	2024-08-01 00:57:25	[diff] [blame]	1	<!DOCTYPE html>
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				441	<body class="manpage">
				442	<div id="header">
				443	<h1>git-commit(1) Manual Page</h1>
				444	<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
				445	<div class="sectionbody">
				446	<p>git-commit - Record changes to the repository</p>
				447	</div>
				448	</div>
				449	<div id="content">
				450	<div class="sect1">
				451	<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
				452	<div class="sectionbody">
				453	<div class="verseblock">
				454	<pre class="content"><em>git commit</em> [-a \| --interactive \| --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]
				455	[--dry-run] [(-c \| -C \| --squash) <commit> \| --fixup [(amend\|reword):]<commit>]
				456	[-F <file> \| -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]
				457	[--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]
				458	[--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]
				459	[-i \| -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]
				460	[(--trailer <token>[(=\|:)<value>])…] [-S[<keyid>]]
				461	[--] [<pathspec>…]</pre>
				462	</div>
				463	</div>
				464	</div>
				465	<div class="sect1">
				466	<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
				467	<div class="sectionbody">
				468	<div class="paragraph">
				469	<p>Create a new commit containing the current contents of the index and
				470	the given log message describing the changes. The new commit is a
				471	direct child of HEAD, usually the tip of the current branch, and the
				472	branch is updated to point to it (unless no branch is associated with
				473	the working tree, in which case HEAD is "detached" as described in
				474	<a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>).</p>
				475	</div>
				476	<div class="paragraph">
				477	<p>The content to be committed can be specified in several ways:</p>
				478	</div>
				479	<div class="olist arabic">
				480	<ol class="arabic">
				481	<li>
				482	<p>by using <a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a> to incrementally "add" changes to the
				483	index before using the <em>commit</em> command (Note: even modified files
				484	must be "added");</p>
				485	</li>
				486	<li>
				487	<p>by using <a href="git-rm.html">git-rm(1)</a> to remove files from the working tree
				488	and the index, again before using the <em>commit</em> command;</p>
				489	</li>
				490	<li>
				491	<p>by listing files as arguments to the <em>commit</em> command
				492	(without --interactive or --patch switch), in which
				493	case the commit will ignore changes staged in the index, and instead
				494	record the current content of the listed files (which must already
				495	be known to Git);</p>
				496	</li>
				497	<li>
				498	<p>by using the -a switch with the <em>commit</em> command to automatically
				499	"add" changes from all known files (i.e. all files that are already
				500	listed in the index) and to automatically "rm" files in the index
				501	that have been removed from the working tree, and then perform the
				502	actual commit;</p>
				503	</li>
				504	<li>
				505	<p>by using the --interactive or --patch switches with the <em>commit</em> command
				506	to decide one by one which files or hunks should be part of the commit
				507	in addition to contents in the index,
				508	before finalizing the operation. See the “Interactive Mode” section of
				509	<a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a> to learn how to operate these modes.</p>
				510	</li>
				511	</ol>
				512	</div>
				513	<div class="paragraph">
				514	<p>The <code>--dry-run</code> option can be used to obtain a
				515	summary of what is included by any of the above for the next
				516	commit by giving the same set of parameters (options and paths).</p>
				517	</div>
				518	<div class="paragraph">
				519	<p>If you make a commit and then find a mistake immediately after
				520	that, you can recover from it with <em>git reset</em>.</p>
				521	</div>
				522	</div>
				523	</div>
				524	<div class="sect1">
				525	<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
				526	<div class="sectionbody">
				527	<div class="dlist">
				528	<dl>
				529	<dt class="hdlist1">-a</dt>
				530	<dt class="hdlist1">--all</dt>
				531	<dd>
				532	<p>Tell the command to automatically stage files that have
				533	been modified and deleted, but new files you have not
				534	told Git about are not affected.</p>
				535	</dd>
				536	<dt class="hdlist1">-p</dt>
				537	<dt class="hdlist1">--patch</dt>
				538	<dd>
				539	<p>Use the interactive patch selection interface to choose
				540	which changes to commit. See <a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a> for
				541	details.</p>
				542	</dd>
				543	<dt class="hdlist1">-C <commit></dt>
				544	<dt class="hdlist1">--reuse-message=<commit></dt>
				545	<dd>
				546	<p>Take an existing commit object, and reuse the log message
				547	and the authorship information (including the timestamp)
				548	when creating the commit.</p>
				549	</dd>
				550	<dt class="hdlist1">-c <commit></dt>
				551	<dt class="hdlist1">--reedit-message=<commit></dt>
				552	<dd>
				553	<p>Like <em>-C</em>, but with <code>-c</code> the editor is invoked, so that
				554	the user can further edit the commit message.</p>
				555	</dd>
				556	<dt class="hdlist1">--fixup=[(amend\|reword):]<commit></dt>
				557	<dd>
				558	<p>Create a new commit which "fixes up" <code><commit></code> when applied with
				559	<code>git rebase --autosquash</code>. Plain <code>--fixup=<commit></code> creates a
				560	"fixup!" commit which changes the content of <code><commit></code> but leaves
				561	its log message untouched. <code>--fixup=amend:<commit></code> is similar but
				562	creates an "amend!" commit which also replaces the log message of
				563	<code><commit></code> with the log message of the "amend!" commit.
				564	<code>--fixup=reword:<commit></code> creates an "amend!" commit which
				565	replaces the log message of <code><commit></code> with its own log message
				566	but makes no changes to the content of <code><commit></code>.</p>
				567	<div class="paragraph">
				568	<p>The commit created by plain <code>--fixup=<commit></code> has a subject
				569	composed of "fixup!" followed by the subject line from <commit>,
				570	and is recognized specially by <code>git rebase --autosquash</code>. The <code>-m</code>
				571	option may be used to supplement the log message of the created
				572	commit, but the additional commentary will be thrown away once the
				573	"fixup!" commit is squashed into <code><commit></code> by
				574	<code>git rebase --autosquash</code>.</p>
				575	</div>
				576	<div class="paragraph">
				577	<p>The commit created by <code>--fixup=amend:<commit></code> is similar but its
				578	subject is instead prefixed with "amend!". The log message of
				579	<commit> is copied into the log message of the "amend!" commit and
				580	opened in an editor so it can be refined. When <code>git rebase
				581	--autosquash</code> squashes the "amend!" commit into <code><commit></code>, the
				582	log message of <code><commit></code> is replaced by the refined log message
				583	from the "amend!" commit. It is an error for the "amend!" commit’s
				584	log message to be empty unless <code>--allow-empty-message</code> is
				585	specified.</p>
				586	</div>
				587	<div class="paragraph">
				588	<p><code>--fixup=reword:<commit></code> is shorthand for <code>--fixup=amend:<commit>
				589	--only</code>. It creates an "amend!" commit with only a log message
				590	(ignoring any changes staged in the index). When squashed by <code>git
				591	rebase --autosquash</code>, it replaces the log message of <code><commit></code>
				592	without making any other changes.</p>
				593	</div>
				594	<div class="paragraph">
				595	<p>Neither "fixup!" nor "amend!" commits change authorship of
				596	<code><commit></code> when applied by <code>git rebase --autosquash</code>.
				597	See <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> for details.</p>
				598	</div>
				599	</dd>
				600	<dt class="hdlist1">--squash=<commit></dt>
				601	<dd>
				602	<p>Construct a commit message for use with <code>rebase --autosquash</code>.
				603	The commit message subject line is taken from the specified
				604	commit with a prefix of "squash! ". Can be used with additional
				605	commit message options (<code>-m</code>/<code>-c</code>/<code>-C</code>/<code>-F</code>). See
				606	<a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> for details.</p>
				607	</dd>
				608	<dt class="hdlist1">--reset-author</dt>
				609	<dd>
				610	<p>When used with -C/-c/--amend options, or when committing after a
				611	conflicting cherry-pick, declare that the authorship of the
				612	resulting commit now belongs to the committer. This also renews
				613	the author timestamp.</p>
				614	</dd>
				615	<dt class="hdlist1">--short</dt>
				616	<dd>
				617	<p>When doing a dry-run, give the output in the short-format. See
				618	<a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> for details. Implies <code>--dry-run</code>.</p>
				619	</dd>
				620	<dt class="hdlist1">--branch</dt>
				621	<dd>
				622	<p>Show the branch and tracking info even in short-format.</p>
				623	</dd>
				624	<dt class="hdlist1">--porcelain</dt>
				625	<dd>
				626	<p>When doing a dry-run, give the output in a porcelain-ready
				627	format. See <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> for details. Implies
				628	<code>--dry-run</code>.</p>
				629	</dd>
				630	<dt class="hdlist1">--long</dt>
				631	<dd>
				632	<p>When doing a dry-run, give the output in the long-format.
				633	Implies <code>--dry-run</code>.</p>
				634	</dd>
				635	<dt class="hdlist1">-z</dt>
				636	<dt class="hdlist1">--null</dt>
				637	<dd>
				638	<p>When showing <code>short</code> or <code>porcelain</code> status output, print the
				639	filename verbatim and terminate the entries with NUL, instead of LF.
				640	If no format is given, implies the <code>--porcelain</code> output format.
				641	Without the <code>-z</code> option, filenames with "unusual" characters are
				642	quoted as explained for the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code>
				643	(see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p>
				644	</dd>
				645	<dt class="hdlist1">-F <file></dt>
				646	<dt class="hdlist1">--file=<file></dt>
				647	<dd>
				648	<p>Take the commit message from the given file. Use <em>-</em> to
				649	read the message from the standard input.</p>
				650	</dd>
				651	<dt class="hdlist1">--author=<author></dt>
				652	<dd>
				653	<p>Override the commit author. Specify an explicit author using the
				654	standard <code>A U Thor <author@example.com></code> format. Otherwise <author>
				655	is assumed to be a pattern and is used to search for an existing
				656	commit by that author (i.e. rev-list --all -i --author=<author>);
				657	the commit author is then copied from the first such commit found.</p>
				658	</dd>
				659	<dt class="hdlist1">--date=<date></dt>
				660	<dd>
				661	<p>Override the author date used in the commit.</p>
				662	</dd>
				663	<dt class="hdlist1">-m <msg></dt>
				664	<dt class="hdlist1">--message=<msg></dt>
				665	<dd>
				666	<p>Use the given <msg> as the commit message.
				667	If multiple <code>-m</code> options are given, their values are
				668	concatenated as separate paragraphs.</p>
				669	<div class="paragraph">
				670	<p>The <code>-m</code> option is mutually exclusive with <code>-c</code>, <code>-C</code>, and <code>-F</code>.</p>
				671	</div>
				672	</dd>
				673	<dt class="hdlist1">-t <file></dt>
				674	<dt class="hdlist1">--template=<file></dt>
				675	<dd>
				676	<p>When editing the commit message, start the editor with the
				677	contents in the given file. The <code>commit.template</code> configuration
				678	variable is often used to give this option implicitly to the
				679	command. This mechanism can be used by projects that want to
				680	guide participants with some hints on what to write in the message
				681	in what order. If the user exits the editor without editing the
				682	message, the commit is aborted. This has no effect when a message
				683	is given by other means, e.g. with the <code>-m</code> or <code>-F</code> options.</p>
				684	</dd>
				685	<dt class="hdlist1">-s</dt>
				686	<dt class="hdlist1">--signoff</dt>
				687	<dt class="hdlist1">--no-signoff</dt>
				688	<dd>
				689	<p>Add a <code>Signed-off-by</code> trailer by the committer at the end of the commit
				690	log message. The meaning of a signoff depends on the project
				691	to which you’re committing. For example, it may certify that
				692	the committer has the rights to submit the work under the
				693	project’s license or agrees to some contributor representation,
				694	such as a Developer Certificate of Origin.
				695	(See <a href="https://developercertificate.org" class="bare">https://developercertificate.org</a> for the one used by the
				696	Linux kernel and Git projects.) Consult the documentation or
				697	leadership of the project to which you’re contributing to
				698	understand how the signoffs are used in that project.</p>
				699	<div class="paragraph">
				700	<p>The --no-signoff option can be used to countermand an earlier --signoff
				701	option on the command line.</p>
				702	</div>
				703	</dd>
				704	<dt class="hdlist1">--trailer <token>[(=\|:)<value>]</dt>
				705	<dd>
				706	<p>Specify a (<token>, <value>) pair that should be applied as a
				707	trailer. (e.g. <code>git commit --trailer "Signed-off-by:C O Mitter \
				708	<committer@example.com>" --trailer "Helped-by:C O Mitter \
				709	<committer@example.com>"</code> will add the "Signed-off-by" trailer
				710	and the "Helped-by" trailer to the commit message.)
				711	The <code>trailer.*</code> configuration variables
				712	(<a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a>) can be used to define if
				713	a duplicated trailer is omitted, where in the run of trailers
				714	each trailer would appear, and other details.</p>
				715	</dd>
				716	<dt class="hdlist1">-n</dt>
				717	<dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]verify</dt>
				718	<dd>
				719	<p>By default, the pre-commit and commit-msg hooks are run.
				720	When any of <code>--no-verify</code> or <code>-n</code> is given, these are bypassed.
				721	See also <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a>.</p>
				722	</dd>
				723	<dt class="hdlist1">--allow-empty</dt>
				724	<dd>
				725	<p>Usually recording a commit that has the exact same tree as its
				726	sole parent commit is a mistake, and the command prevents you
				727	from making such a commit. This option bypasses the safety, and
				728	is primarily for use by foreign SCM interface scripts.</p>
				729	</dd>
				730	<dt class="hdlist1">--allow-empty-message</dt>
				731	<dd>
				732	<p>Like --allow-empty this command is primarily for use by foreign
				733	SCM interface scripts. It allows you to create a commit with an
				734	empty commit message without using plumbing commands like
				735	<a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a>.</p>
				736	</dd>
				737	<dt class="hdlist1">--cleanup=<mode></dt>
				738	<dd>
				739	<p>This option determines how the supplied commit message should be
				740	cleaned up before committing. The <em><mode></em> can be <code>strip</code>,
				741	<code>whitespace</code>, <code>verbatim</code>, <code>scissors</code> or <code>default</code>.</p>
				742	<div class="openblock">
				743	<div class="content">
				744	<div class="dlist">
				745	<dl>
				746	<dt class="hdlist1">strip</dt>
				747	<dd>
				748	<p>Strip leading and trailing empty lines, trailing whitespace,
				749	commentary and collapse consecutive empty lines.</p>
				750	</dd>
				751	<dt class="hdlist1">whitespace</dt>
				752	<dd>
				753	<p>Same as <code>strip</code> except #commentary is not removed.</p>
				754	</dd>
				755	<dt class="hdlist1">verbatim</dt>
				756	<dd>
				757	<p>Do not change the message at all.</p>
				758	</dd>
				759	<dt class="hdlist1">scissors</dt>
				760	<dd>
				761	<p>Same as <code>whitespace</code> except that everything from (and including)
				762	the line found below is truncated, if the message is to be edited.
				763	"<code>#</code>" can be customized with core.commentChar.</p>
				764	<div class="literalblock">
				765	<div class="content">
				766	<pre># ------------------------ >8 ------------------------</pre>
				767	</div>
				768	</div>
				769	</dd>
				770	<dt class="hdlist1">default</dt>
				771	<dd>
				772	<p>Same as <code>strip</code> if the message is to be edited.
				773	Otherwise <code>whitespace</code>.</p>
				774	</dd>
				775	</dl>
				776	</div>
				777	</div>
				778	</div>
				779	<div class="paragraph">
				780	<p>The default can be changed by the <code>commit.cleanup</code> configuration
				781	variable (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p>
				782	</div>
				783	</dd>
				784	<dt class="hdlist1">-e</dt>
				785	<dt class="hdlist1">--edit</dt>
				786	<dd>
				787	<p>The message taken from file with <code>-F</code>, command line with
				788	<code>-m</code>, and from commit object with <code>-C</code> are usually used as
				789	the commit log message unmodified. This option lets you
				790	further edit the message taken from these sources.</p>
				791	</dd>
				792	<dt class="hdlist1">--no-edit</dt>
				793	<dd>
				794	<p>Use the selected commit message without launching an editor.
				795	For example, <code>git commit --amend --no-edit</code> amends a commit
				796	without changing its commit message.</p>
				797	</dd>
				798	<dt class="hdlist1">--amend</dt>
				799	<dd>
				800	<p>Replace the tip of the current branch by creating a new
				801	commit. The recorded tree is prepared as usual (including
				802	the effect of the <code>-i</code> and <code>-o</code> options and explicit
				803	pathspec), and the message from the original commit is used
				804	as the starting point, instead of an empty message, when no
				805	other message is specified from the command line via options
				806	such as <code>-m</code>, <code>-F</code>, <code>-c</code>, etc. The new commit has the same
				807	parents and author as the current one (the <code>--reset-author</code>
				808	option can countermand this).</p>
				809	<div class="openblock">
				810	<div class="content">
				811	<div class="paragraph">
				812	<p>It is a rough equivalent for:</p>
				813	</div>
				814	<div class="listingblock">
				815	<div class="content">
				816	<pre> $ git reset --soft HEAD^
				817	$ ... do something else to come up with the right tree ...
				818	$ git commit -c ORIG_HEAD</pre>
				819	</div>
				820	</div>
				821	<div class="paragraph">
				822	<p>but can be used to amend a merge commit.</p>
				823	</div>
				824	</div>
				825	</div>
				826	<div class="paragraph">
				827	<p>You should understand the implications of rewriting history if you
				828	amend a commit that has already been published. (See the "RECOVERING
				829	FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a>.)</p>
				830	</div>
				831	</dd>
				832	<dt class="hdlist1">--no-post-rewrite</dt>
				833	<dd>
				834	<p>Bypass the post-rewrite hook.</p>
				835	</dd>
				836	<dt class="hdlist1">-i</dt>
				837	<dt class="hdlist1">--include</dt>
				838	<dd>
				839	<p>Before making a commit out of staged contents so far,
				840	stage the contents of paths given on the command line
				841	as well. This is usually not what you want unless you
				842	are concluding a conflicted merge.</p>
				843	</dd>
				844	<dt class="hdlist1">-o</dt>
				845	<dt class="hdlist1">--only</dt>
				846	<dd>
				847	<p>Make a commit by taking the updated working tree contents
				848	of the paths specified on the
				849	command line, disregarding any contents that have been
				850	staged for other paths. This is the default mode of operation of
				851	<em>git commit</em> if any paths are given on the command line,
				852	in which case this option can be omitted.
				853	If this option is specified together with <code>--amend</code>, then
				854	no paths need to be specified, which can be used to amend
				855	the last commit without committing changes that have
				856	already been staged. If used together with <code>--allow-empty</code>
				857	paths are also not required, and an empty commit will be created.</p>
				858	</dd>
				859	<dt class="hdlist1">--pathspec-from-file=<file></dt>
				860	<dd>
				861	<p>Pathspec is passed in <code><file></code> instead of commandline args. If
				862	<code><file></code> is exactly <code>-</code> then standard input is used. Pathspec
				863	elements are separated by LF or CR/LF. Pathspec elements can be
				864	quoted as explained for the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code>
				865	(see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). See also <code>--pathspec-file-nul</code> and
				866	global <code>--literal-pathspecs</code>.</p>
				867	</dd>
				868	<dt class="hdlist1">--pathspec-file-nul</dt>
				869	<dd>
				870	<p>Only meaningful with <code>--pathspec-from-file</code>. Pathspec elements are
				871	separated with NUL character and all other characters are taken
				872	literally (including newlines and quotes).</p>
				873	</dd>
				874	<dt class="hdlist1">-u[<mode>]</dt>
				875	<dt class="hdlist1">--untracked-files[=<mode>]</dt>
				876	<dd>
				877	<p>Show untracked files.</p>
				878	<div class="openblock">
				879	<div class="content">
				880	<div class="paragraph">
				881	<p>The mode parameter is optional (defaults to <em>all</em>), and is used to
				882	specify the handling of untracked files; when -u is not used, the
				883	default is <em>normal</em>, i.e. show untracked files and directories.</p>
				884	</div>
				885	<div class="paragraph">
				886	<p>The possible options are:</p>
				887	</div>
				888	<div class="ulist">
				889	<ul>
				890	<li>
				891	<p><em>no</em> - Show no untracked files</p>
				892	</li>
				893	<li>
				894	<p><em>normal</em> - Shows untracked files and directories</p>
				895	</li>
				896	<li>
				897	<p><em>all</em> - Also shows individual files in untracked directories.</p>
				898	</li>
				899	</ul>
				900	</div>
				901	<div class="paragraph">
				902	<p>All usual spellings for Boolean value <code>true</code> are taken as <code>normal</code>
				903	and <code>false</code> as <code>no</code>.
				904	The default can be changed using the status.showUntrackedFiles
				905	configuration variable documented in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
				906	</div>
				907	</div>
				908	</div>
				909	</dd>
				910	<dt class="hdlist1">-v</dt>
				911	<dt class="hdlist1">--verbose</dt>
				912	<dd>
				913	<p>Show unified diff between the HEAD commit and what
				914	would be committed at the bottom of the commit message
				915	template to help the user describe the commit by reminding
				916	what changes the commit has.
				917	Note that this diff output doesn’t have its
				918	lines prefixed with <em>#</em>. This diff will not be a part
				919	of the commit message. See the <code>commit.verbose</code> configuration
				920	variable in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
				921	<div class="paragraph">
				922	<p>If specified twice, show in addition the unified diff between
				923	what would be committed and the worktree files, i.e. the unstaged
				924	changes to tracked files.</p>
				925	</div>
				926	</dd>
				927	<dt class="hdlist1">-q</dt>
				928	<dt class="hdlist1">--quiet</dt>
				929	<dd>
				930	<p>Suppress commit summary message.</p>
				931	</dd>
				932	<dt class="hdlist1">--dry-run</dt>
				933	<dd>
				934	<p>Do not create a commit, but show a list of paths that are
				935	to be committed, paths with local changes that will be left
				936	uncommitted and paths that are untracked.</p>
				937	</dd>
				938	<dt class="hdlist1">--status</dt>
				939	<dd>
				940	<p>Include the output of <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> in the commit
				941	message template when using an editor to prepare the commit
				942	message. Defaults to on, but can be used to override
				943	configuration variable commit.status.</p>
				944	</dd>
				945	<dt class="hdlist1">--no-status</dt>
				946	<dd>
				947	<p>Do not include the output of <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> in the
				948	commit message template when using an editor to prepare the
				949	default commit message.</p>
				950	</dd>
				951	<dt class="hdlist1">-S[<keyid>]</dt>
				952	<dt class="hdlist1">--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]</dt>
				953	<dt class="hdlist1">--no-gpg-sign</dt>
				954	<dd>
				955	<p>GPG-sign commits. The <code>keyid</code> argument is optional and
				956	defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be
				957	stuck to the option without a space. <code>--no-gpg-sign</code> is useful to
				958	countermand both <code>commit.gpgSign</code> configuration variable, and
				959	earlier <code>--gpg-sign</code>.</p>
				960	</dd>
				961	<dt class="hdlist1">--</dt>
				962	<dd>
				963	<p>Do not interpret any more arguments as options.</p>
				964	</dd>
				965	<dt class="hdlist1"><pathspec>…</dt>
				966	<dd>
				967	<p>When pathspec is given on the command line, commit the contents of
				968	the files that match the pathspec without recording the changes
				969	already added to the index. The contents of these files are also
				970	staged for the next commit on top of what have been staged before.</p>
				971	<div class="paragraph">
				972	<p>For more details, see the <em>pathspec</em> entry in <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>.</p>
				973	</div>
				974	</dd>
				975	</dl>
				976	</div>
				977	</div>
				978	</div>
				979	<div class="sect1">
				980	<h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
				981	<div class="sectionbody">
				982	<div class="paragraph">
				983	<p>When recording your own work, the contents of modified files in
				984	your working tree are temporarily stored to a staging area
				985	called the "index" with <em>git add</em>. A file can be
				986	reverted back, only in the index but not in the working tree,
				987	to that of the last commit with <code>git restore --staged <file></code>,
				988	which effectively reverts <em>git add</em> and prevents the changes to
				989	this file from participating in the next commit. After building
				990	the state to be committed incrementally with these commands,
				991	<code>git commit</code> (without any pathname parameter) is used to record what
				992	has been staged so far. This is the most basic form of the
				993	command. An example:</p>
				994	</div>
				995	<div class="listingblock">
				996	<div class="content">
				997	<pre>$ edit hello.c
				998	$ git rm goodbye.c
				999	$ git add hello.c
				1000	$ git commit</pre>
				1001	</div>
				1002	</div>
				1003	<div class="paragraph">
				1004	<p>Instead of staging files after each individual change, you can
				1005	tell <code>git commit</code> to notice the changes to the files whose
				1006	contents are tracked in
				1007	your working tree and do corresponding <code>git add</code> and <code>git rm</code>
				1008	for you. That is, this example does the same as the earlier
				1009	example if there is no other change in your working tree:</p>
				1010	</div>
				1011	<div class="listingblock">
				1012	<div class="content">
				1013	<pre>$ edit hello.c
				1014	$ rm goodbye.c
				1015	$ git commit -a</pre>
				1016	</div>
				1017	</div>
				1018	<div class="paragraph">
				1019	<p>The command <code>git commit -a</code> first looks at your working tree,
				1020	notices that you have modified hello.c and removed goodbye.c,
				1021	and performs necessary <code>git add</code> and <code>git rm</code> for you.</p>
				1022	</div>
				1023	<div class="paragraph">
				1024	<p>After staging changes to many files, you can alter the order the
				1025	changes are recorded in, by giving pathnames to <code>git commit</code>.
				1026	When pathnames are given, the command makes a commit that
				1027	only records the changes made to the named paths:</p>
				1028	</div>
				1029	<div class="listingblock">
				1030	<div class="content">
				1031	<pre>$ edit hello.c hello.h
				1032	$ git add hello.c hello.h
				1033	$ edit Makefile
				1034	$ git commit Makefile</pre>
				1035	</div>
				1036	</div>
				1037	<div class="paragraph">
				1038	<p>This makes a commit that records the modification to <code>Makefile</code>.
				1039	The changes staged for <code>hello.c</code> and <code>hello.h</code> are not included
				1040	in the resulting commit. However, their changes are not lost — they are still staged and merely held back. After the above
				1041	sequence, if you do:</p>
				1042	</div>
				1043	<div class="listingblock">
				1044	<div class="content">
				1045	<pre>$ git commit</pre>
				1046	</div>
				1047	</div>
				1048	<div class="paragraph">
				1049	<p>this second commit would record the changes to <code>hello.c</code> and
				1050	<code>hello.h</code> as expected.</p>
				1051	</div>
				1052	<div class="paragraph">
				1053	<p>After a merge (initiated by <em>git merge</em> or <em>git pull</em>) stops
				1054	because of conflicts, cleanly merged
				1055	paths are already staged to be committed for you, and paths that
				1056	conflicted are left in unmerged state. You would have to first
				1057	check which paths are conflicting with <em>git status</em>
				1058	and after fixing them manually in your working tree, you would
				1059	stage the result as usual with <em>git add</em>:</p>
				1060	</div>
				1061	<div class="listingblock">
				1062	<div class="content">
				1063	<pre>$ git status \| grep unmerged
				1064	unmerged: hello.c
				1065	$ edit hello.c
				1066	$ git add hello.c</pre>
				1067	</div>
				1068	</div>
				1069	<div class="paragraph">
				1070	<p>After resolving conflicts and staging the result, <code>git ls-files -u</code>
				1071	would stop mentioning the conflicted path. When you are done,
				1072	run <code>git commit</code> to finally record the merge:</p>
				1073	</div>
				1074	<div class="listingblock">
				1075	<div class="content">
				1076	<pre>$ git commit</pre>
				1077	</div>
				1078	</div>
				1079	<div class="paragraph">
				1080	<p>As with the case to record your own changes, you can use <code>-a</code>
				1081	option to save typing. One difference is that during a merge
				1082	resolution, you cannot use <code>git commit</code> with pathnames to
				1083	alter the order the changes are committed, because the merge
				1084	should be recorded as a single commit. In fact, the command
				1085	refuses to run when given pathnames (but see <code>-i</code> option).</p>
				1086	</div>
				1087	</div>
				1088	</div>
				1089	<div class="sect1">
				1090	<h2 id="_commit_information">COMMIT INFORMATION</h2>
				1091	<div class="sectionbody">
				1092	<div class="paragraph">
				1093	<p>Author and committer information is taken from the following environment
				1094	variables, if set:</p>
				1095	</div>
				1096	<div class="literalblock">
				1097	<div class="content">
				1098	<pre>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME
				1099	GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL
				1100	GIT_AUTHOR_DATE
				1101	GIT_COMMITTER_NAME
				1102	GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL
				1103	GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</pre>
				1104	</div>
				1105	</div>
				1106	<div class="paragraph">
				1107	<p>(nb "<", ">" and "\n"s are stripped)</p>
				1108	</div>
				1109	<div class="paragraph">
				1110	<p>The author and committer names are by convention some form of a personal name
				1111	(that is, the name by which other humans refer to you), although Git does not
				1112	enforce or require any particular form. Arbitrary Unicode may be used, subject
				1113	to the constraints listed above. This name has no effect on authentication; for
				1114	that, see the <code>credential.username</code> variable in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p>
				1115	</div>
				1116	<div class="paragraph">
				1117	<p>In case (some of) these environment variables are not set, the information
				1118	is taken from the configuration items <code>user.name</code> and <code>user.email</code>, or, if not
				1119	present, the environment variable EMAIL, or, if that is not set,
				1120	system user name and the hostname used for outgoing mail (taken
				1121	from <code>/etc/mailname</code> and falling back to the fully qualified hostname when
				1122	that file does not exist).</p>
				1123	</div>
				1124	<div class="paragraph">
				1125	<p>The <code>author.name</code> and <code>committer.name</code> and their corresponding email options
				1126	override <code>user.name</code> and <code>user.email</code> if set and are overridden themselves by
				1127	the environment variables.</p>
				1128	</div>
				1129	<div class="paragraph">
				1130	<p>The typical usage is to set just the <code>user.name</code> and <code>user.email</code> variables;
				1131	the other options are provided for more complex use cases.</p>
				1132	</div>
				1133	</div>
				1134	</div>
				1135	<div class="sect1">
				1136	<h2 id="_date_formats">DATE FORMATS</h2>
				1137	<div class="sectionbody">
				1138	<div class="paragraph">
				1139	<p>The <code>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</code> and <code>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</code> environment variables
				1140	support the following date formats:</p>
				1141	</div>
				1142	<div class="dlist">
				1143	<dl>
				1144	<dt class="hdlist1">Git internal format</dt>
				1145	<dd>
				1146	<p>It is <code><unix-timestamp> <time-zone-offset></code>, where
				1147	<code><unix-timestamp></code> is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.
				1148	<code><time-zone-offset></code> is a positive or negative offset from UTC.
				1149	For example CET (which is 1 hour ahead of UTC) is <code>+0100</code>.</p>
				1150	</dd>
				1151	<dt class="hdlist1">RFC 2822</dt>
				1152	<dd>
				1153	<p>The standard date format as described by RFC 2822, for example
				1154	<code>Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200</code>.</p>
				1155	</dd>
				1156	<dt class="hdlist1">ISO 8601</dt>
				1157	<dd>
				1158	<p>Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example
				1159	<code>2005-04-07T22:13:13</code>. The parser accepts a space instead of the
				1160	<code>T</code> character as well. Fractional parts of a second will be ignored,
				1161	for example <code>2005-04-07T22:13:13.019</code> will be treated as
				1162	<code>2005-04-07T22:13:13</code>.</p>
				1163	<div class="admonitionblock note">
				1164	<table>
				1165	<tr>
				1166	<td class="icon">
				1167	<div class="title">Note</div>
				1168	</td>
				1169	<td class="content">
				1170	In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats:
				1171	<code>YYYY.MM.DD</code>, <code>MM/DD/YYYY</code> and <code>DD.MM.YYYY</code>.
				1172	</td>
				1173	</tr>
				1174	</table>
				1175	</div>
				1176	</dd>
				1177	</dl>
				1178	</div>
				1179	<div class="paragraph">
				1180	<p>In addition to recognizing all date formats above, the <code>--date</code> option
				1181	will also try to make sense of other, more human-centric date formats,
				1182	such as relative dates like "yesterday" or "last Friday at noon".</p>
				1183	</div>
				1184	</div>
				1185	</div>
				1186	<div class="sect1">
				1187	<h2 id="_discussion">DISCUSSION</h2>
				1188	<div class="sectionbody">
				1189	<div class="paragraph">
				1190	<p>Though not required, it’s a good idea to begin the commit message
				1191	with a single short (no more than 50 characters) line summarizing the
				1192	change, followed by a blank line and then a more thorough description.
				1193	The text up to the first blank line in a commit message is treated
				1194	as the commit title, and that title is used throughout Git.
				1195	For example, <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a> turns a commit into email, and it uses
				1196	the title on the Subject line and the rest of the commit in the body.</p>
				1197	</div>
				1198	<div class="paragraph">
				1199	<p>Git is to some extent character encoding agnostic.</p>
				1200	</div>
				1201	<div class="ulist">
				1202	<ul>
				1203	<li>
				1204	<p>The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences
				1205	of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core
				1206	level.</p>
				1207	</li>
				1208	<li>
				1209	<p>Path names are encoded in UTF-8 normalization form C. This
				1210	applies to tree objects, the index file, ref names, as well as
				1211	path names in command line arguments, environment variables
				1212	and config files (<code>.git/config</code> (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>),
				1213	<a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a>, <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> and
				1214	<a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>).</p>
				1215	<div class="paragraph">
				1216	<p>Note that Git at the core level treats path names simply as
				1217	sequences of non-NUL bytes, there are no path name encoding
				1218	conversions (except on Mac and Windows). Therefore, using
				1219	non-ASCII path names will mostly work even on platforms and file
				1220	systems that use legacy extended ASCII encodings. However,
				1221	repositories created on such systems will not work properly on
				1222	UTF-8-based systems (e.g. Linux, Mac, Windows) and vice versa.
				1223	Additionally, many Git-based tools simply assume path names to
				1224	be UTF-8 and will fail to display other encodings correctly.</p>
				1225	</div>
				1226	</li>
				1227	<li>
				1228	<p>Commit log messages are typically encoded in UTF-8, but other
				1229	extended ASCII encodings are also supported. This includes
				1230	ISO-8859-x, CP125x and many others, but <em>not</em> UTF-16/32,
				1231	EBCDIC and CJK multi-byte encodings (GBK, Shift-JIS, Big5,
				1232	EUC-x, CP9xx etc.).</p>
				1233	</li>
				1234	</ul>
				1235	</div>
				1236	<div class="paragraph">
				1237	<p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
				1238	in UTF-8, both the core and Git Porcelain are designed not to
				1239	force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular
				1240	project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, Git
				1241	does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in
				1242	mind.</p>
				1243	</div>
				1244	<div class="olist arabic">
				1245	<ol class="arabic">
				1246	<li>
				1247	<p><em>git commit</em> and <em>git commit-tree</em> issue
				1248	a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
				1249	like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
				1250	project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to
				1251	have <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in <code>.git/config</code> file, like this:</p>
				1252	<div class="listingblock">
				1253	<div class="content">
				1254	<pre>[i18n]
				1255	commitEncoding = ISO-8859-1</pre>
				1256	</div>
				1257	</div>
				1258	<div class="paragraph">
				1259	<p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
				1260	of <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in their <code>encoding</code> header. This is to
				1261	help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header
				1262	implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p>
				1263	</div>
				1264	</li>
				1265	<li>
				1266	<p><em>git log</em>, <em>git show</em>, <em>git blame</em> and friends look at the
				1267	<code>encoding</code> header of a commit object, and try to re-code the
				1268	log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can
				1269	specify the desired output encoding with
				1270	<code>i18n.logOutputEncoding</code> in <code>.git/config</code> file, like this:</p>
				1271	<div class="listingblock">
				1272	<div class="content">
				1273	<pre>[i18n]
				1274	logOutputEncoding = ISO-8859-1</pre>
				1275	</div>
				1276	</div>
				1277	<div class="paragraph">
				1278	<p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
				1279	<code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> is used instead.</p>
				1280	</div>
				1281	</li>
				1282	</ol>
				1283	</div>
				1284	<div class="paragraph">
				1285	<p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
				1286	message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
				1287	object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
				1288	reversible operation.</p>
				1289	</div>
				1290	</div>
				1291	</div>
				1292	<div class="sect1">
				1293	<h2 id="_environment_and_configuration_variables">ENVIRONMENT AND CONFIGURATION VARIABLES</h2>
				1294	<div class="sectionbody">
				1295	<div class="paragraph">
				1296	<p>The editor used to edit the commit log message will be chosen from the
				1297	<code>GIT_EDITOR</code> environment variable, the core.editor configuration variable, the
				1298	<code>VISUAL</code> environment variable, or the <code>EDITOR</code> environment variable (in that
				1299	order). See <a href="git-var.html">git-var(1)</a> for details.</p>
				1300	</div>
				1301	<div class="paragraph">
				1302	<p>Everything above this line in this section isn’t included from the
				1303	<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> documentation. The content that follows is the
				1304	same as what’s found there:</p>
				1305	</div>
				1306	<div class="dlist">
				1307	<dl>
				1308	<dt class="hdlist1">commit.cleanup</dt>
				1309	<dd>
				1310	<p>This setting overrides the default of the <code>--cleanup</code> option in
				1311	<code>git commit</code>. See <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> for details. Changing the
				1312	default can be useful when you always want to keep lines that begin
				1313	with the comment character <code>#</code> in your log message, in which case you
				1314	would do <code>git config commit.cleanup whitespace</code> (note that you will
				1315	have to remove the help lines that begin with <code>#</code> in the commit log
				1316	template yourself, if you do this).</p>
				1317	</dd>
				1318	<dt class="hdlist1">commit.gpgSign</dt>
				1319	<dd>
				1320	<p>A boolean to specify whether all commits should be GPG signed.
				1321	Use of this option when doing operations such as rebase can
				1322	result in a large number of commits being signed. It may be
				1323	convenient to use an agent to avoid typing your GPG passphrase
				1324	several times.</p>
				1325	</dd>
				1326	<dt class="hdlist1">commit.status</dt>
				1327	<dd>
				1328	<p>A boolean to enable/disable inclusion of status information in the
				1329	commit message template when using an editor to prepare the commit
				1330	message. Defaults to true.</p>
				1331	</dd>
				1332	<dt class="hdlist1">commit.template</dt>
				1333	<dd>
				1334	<p>Specify the pathname of a file to use as the template for
				1335	new commit messages.</p>
				1336	</dd>
				1337	<dt class="hdlist1">commit.verbose</dt>
				1338	<dd>
				1339	<p>A boolean or int to specify the level of verbosity with <code>git commit</code>.
				1340	See <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a>.</p>
				1341	</dd>
				1342	</dl>
				1343	</div>
				1344	</div>
				1345	</div>
				1346	<div class="sect1">
				1347	<h2 id="_hooks">HOOKS</h2>
				1348	<div class="sectionbody">
				1349	<div class="paragraph">
				1350	<p>This command can run <code>commit-msg</code>, <code>prepare-commit-msg</code>, <code>pre-commit</code>,
				1351	<code>post-commit</code> and <code>post-rewrite</code> hooks. See <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a> for more
				1352	information.</p>
				1353	</div>
				1354	</div>
				1355	</div>
				1356	<div class="sect1">
				1357	<h2 id="_files">FILES</h2>
				1358	<div class="sectionbody">
				1359	<div class="dlist">
				1360	<dl>
				1361	<dt class="hdlist1"><code>$GIT_DIR/COMMIT_EDITMSG</code></dt>
				1362	<dd>
				1363	<p>This file contains the commit message of a commit in progress.
				1364	If <code>git commit</code> exits due to an error before creating a commit,
				1365	any commit message that has been provided by the user (e.g., in
				1366	an editor session) will be available in this file, but will be
				1367	overwritten by the next invocation of <code>git commit</code>.</p>
				1368	</dd>
				1369	</dl>
				1370	</div>
				1371	</div>
				1372	</div>
				1373	<div class="sect1">
				1374	<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
				1375	<div class="sectionbody">
				1376	<div class="paragraph">
				1377	<p><a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a>,
				1378	<a href="git-rm.html">git-rm(1)</a>,
				1379	<a href="git-mv.html">git-mv(1)</a>,
				1380	<a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>,
				1381	<a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a></p>
				1382	</div>
				1383	</div>
				1384	</div>
				1385	<div class="sect1">
				1386	<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
				1387	<div class="sectionbody">
				1388	<div class="paragraph">
				1389	<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
				1390	</div>
				1391	</div>
				1392	</div>
				1393	</div>
				1394	<div id="footer">
				1395	<div id="footer-text">
				1396	Last updated 2024-07-31 17:55:56 -0700
				1397	</div>
				1398	</div>
				1399	</body>
				1400	</html>