git-show.html - external/gitster/git-htmldocs - Git at Google

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 </style>
 <title>git-show(1)</title>
 </head>
 <body>
 <div id="header">
 <h1>
 git-show(1) Manual Page
 </h1>
 <h2>NAME</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>git-show -
  Show various types of objects
 </p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <h2>SYNOPSIS</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="para"><p><em>git show</em> [options] &lt;object&gt;&#8230;</p></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="para"><p>Shows one or more objects (blobs, trees, tags and commits).</p></div>
 <div class="para"><p>For commits it shows the log message and textual diff. It also
 presents the merge commit in a special format as produced by
 <em>git-diff-tree --cc</em>.</p></div>
 <div class="para"><p>For tags, it shows the tag message and the referenced objects.</p></div>
 <div class="para"><p>For trees, it shows the names (equivalent to <em>git-ls-tree</em>
 with --name-only).</p></div>
 <div class="para"><p>For plain blobs, it shows the plain contents.</p></div>
 <div class="para"><p>The command takes options applicable to the <em>git-diff-tree</em> command to
 control how the changes the commit introduces are shown.</p></div>
 <div class="para"><p>This manual page describes only the most frequently used options.</p></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="vlist"><dl>
 <dt>
 &lt;object&gt;&#8230;
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  The names of objects to show.
  For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
  "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in <a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 --pretty[=<em>&lt;format&gt;</em>]
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
  where <em>&lt;format&gt;</em> can be one of <em>oneline</em>, <em>short</em>, <em>medium</em>,
  <em>full</em>, <em>fuller</em>, <em>email</em>, <em>raw</em> and <em>format:&lt;string&gt;</em>.
  When omitted, the format defaults to <em>medium</em>.
 </p>
 <div class="para"><p>Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository
 configuration (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p></div>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 --abbrev-commit
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object
  name, show only handful hexdigits prefix. Non default number of
  digits can be specified with "--abbrev=&lt;n&gt;" (which also modifies
  diff output, if it is displayed).
 </p>
 <div class="para"><p>This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
 people using 80-column terminals.</p></div>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 --encoding[=&lt;encoding&gt;]
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message
  in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the
  command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
  preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this
  defaults to UTF-8.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_pretty_formats">PRETTY FORMATS</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="para"><p>If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format
 is not <em>oneline</em>, <em>email</em> or <em>raw</em>, an additional line is
 inserted before the <em>Author:</em> line. This line begins with
 "Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are printed,
 separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
 necessarily be the list of the <strong>direct</strong> parent commits if you
 have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
 only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
 file.</p></div>
 <div class="para"><p>Here are some additional details for each format:</p></div>
 <div class="ilist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>oneline</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;sha1&gt; &lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="para"><p>This is designed to be as compact as possible.</p></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>short</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
 Author: &lt;author&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>medium</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
 Author: &lt;author&gt;
 Date: &lt;author date&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>full</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
 Author: &lt;author&gt;
 Commit: &lt;committer&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>fuller</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
 Author: &lt;author&gt;
 AuthorDate: &lt;author date&gt;
 Commit: &lt;committer&gt;
 CommitDate: &lt;committer date&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>email</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>From &lt;sha1&gt; &lt;date&gt;
 From: &lt;author&gt;
 Date: &lt;author date&gt;
 Subject: [PATCH] &lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>raw</em>
 </p>
 <div class="para"><p>The <em>raw</em> format shows the entire commit exactly as
 stored in the commit object. Notably, the SHA1s are
 displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
 --no-abbrev are used, and <em>parents</em> information show the
 true parent commits, without taking grafts nor history
 simplification into account.</p></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>format:</em>
 </p>
 <div class="para"><p>The <em>format:</em> format allows you to specify which information
 you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format,
 with the notable exception that you get a newline with <em>%n</em>
 instead of <em>\n</em>.</p></div>
 <div class="para"><p>E.g, <em>format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was &gt;&gt;%s&lt;&lt;%n"</em>
 would show something like this:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
 The title was &gt;&gt;t4119: test autocomputing -p&lt;n&gt; for traditional diff input.&lt;&lt;
 </tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="para"><p>The placeholders are:</p></div>
 <div class="ilist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%H</em>: commit hash
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%h</em>: abbreviated commit hash
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%T</em>: tree hash
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%t</em>: abbreviated tree hash
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%P</em>: parent hashes
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%p</em>: abbreviated parent hashes
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%an</em>: author name
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%aN</em>: author name (respecting .mailmap)
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%ae</em>: author email
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%ad</em>: author date
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%aD</em>: author date, RFC2822 style
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%ar</em>: author date, relative
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%at</em>: author date, UNIX timestamp
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%ai</em>: author date, ISO 8601 format
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%cn</em>: committer name
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%cN</em>: committer name (respecting .mailmap)
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%ce</em>: committer email
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%cd</em>: committer date
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%cD</em>: committer date, RFC2822 style
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%cr</em>: committer date, relative
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%ct</em>: committer date, UNIX timestamp
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%ci</em>: committer date, ISO 8601 format
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%e</em>: encoding
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%s</em>: subject
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%b</em>: body
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%Cred</em>: switch color to red
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%Cgreen</em>: switch color to green
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%Cblue</em>: switch color to blue
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%Creset</em>: reset color
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%m</em>: left, right or boundary mark
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%n</em>: newline
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%x00</em>: print a byte from a hex code
 </p>
 </li>
 </ul></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>tformat:</em>
 </p>
 <div class="para"><p>The <em>tformat:</em> format works exactly like <em>format:</em>, except that it
 provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics. In
 other words, each commit has the message terminator character (usually a
 newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries.
 This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly
 terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does.
 For example:</p></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
  | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
 4da45be
 7134973 -- NO NEWLINE

 $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
  | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
 4da45be
 7134973</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 </li>
 </ul></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="vlist"><dl>
 <dt>
 git show v1.0.0
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Shows the tag <tt>v1.0.0</tt>, along with the object the tags
  points at.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 git show v1.0.0^{tree}
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Shows the tree pointed to by the tag <tt>v1.0.0</tt>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 git show next~10:Documentation/README
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Shows the contents of the file <tt>Documentation/README</tt> as
  they were current in the 10th last commit of the branch
  <tt>next</tt>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 git show master:Makefile master:t/Makefile
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Concatenates the contents of said Makefiles in the head
  of the branch <tt>master</tt>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_discussion">Discussion</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="para"><p>At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.</p></div>
 <div class="ilist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects
  are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.
  What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared
  with the data git keeps track of, which in turn are expected
  to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such
  thing as pathname encoding translation.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequence
  of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core
  level.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequence of non-NUL
  bytes.
 </p>
 </li>
 </ul></div>
 <div class="para"><p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
 in UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to
 force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular
 project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git
 does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in
 mind.</p></div>
 <div class="olist"><ol>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>git-commit-tree</em> (hence, <em>git-commit</em> which uses it) issues
  a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
  like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
  project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to
  have i18n.commitencoding in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
 </p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>[i18n]
  commitencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="para"><p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
 of <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> in its <tt>encoding</tt> header. This is to
 help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header
 implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>git-log</em>, <em>git-show</em> and friends looks at the <tt>encoding</tt>
  header of a commit object, and tries to re-code the log
  message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can
  specify the desired output encoding with
  <tt>i18n.logoutputencoding</tt> in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
 </p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>[i18n]
  logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="para"><p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
 <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> is used instead.</p></div>
 </li>
 </ol></div>
 <div class="para"><p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
 message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
 object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
 reversible operation.</p></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_author">Author</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="para"><p>Written by Linus Torvalds &lt;torvalds@osdl.org&gt; and
 Junio C Hamano &lt;gitster@pobox.com&gt;. Significantly enhanced by
 Johannes Schindelin &lt;Johannes.Schindelin@gmx.de&gt;.</p></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_documentation">Documentation</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="para"><p>Documentation by David Greaves, Petr Baudis and the git-list &lt;git@vger.kernel.org&gt;.</p></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="para"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
 </div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated 2008-07-31 22:10:23 UTC
 </div>
 </div>
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	</style>
	<title>git-show(1)</title>
	</head>
	<body>
	<div id="header">
	<h1>
	git-show(1) Manual Page
	</h1>
	<h2>NAME</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>git-show -
	Show various types of objects
	</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<h2>SYNOPSIS</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="para"><p><em>git show</em> [options] <object>…</p></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="para"><p>Shows one or more objects (blobs, trees, tags and commits).</p></div>
	<div class="para"><p>For commits it shows the log message and textual diff. It also
	presents the merge commit in a special format as produced by
	<em>git-diff-tree --cc</em>.</p></div>
	<div class="para"><p>For tags, it shows the tag message and the referenced objects.</p></div>
	<div class="para"><p>For trees, it shows the names (equivalent to <em>git-ls-tree</em>
	with --name-only).</p></div>
	<div class="para"><p>For plain blobs, it shows the plain contents.</p></div>
	<div class="para"><p>The command takes options applicable to the <em>git-diff-tree</em> command to
	control how the changes the commit introduces are shown.</p></div>
	<div class="para"><p>This manual page describes only the most frequently used options.</p></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="vlist"><dl>
	<dt>
	<object>…
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	The names of objects to show.
	For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
	"SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in <a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a>.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	--pretty[=<em><format></em>]
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
	where <em><format></em> can be one of <em>oneline</em>, <em>short</em>, <em>medium</em>,
	<em>full</em>, <em>fuller</em>, <em>email</em>, <em>raw</em> and <em>format:<string></em>.
	When omitted, the format defaults to <em>medium</em>.
	</p>
	<div class="para"><p>Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository
	configuration (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p></div>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	--abbrev-commit
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object
	name, show only handful hexdigits prefix. Non default number of
	digits can be specified with "--abbrev=<n>" (which also modifies
	diff output, if it is displayed).
	</p>
	<div class="para"><p>This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
	people using 80-column terminals.</p></div>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	--encoding[=<encoding>]
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message
	in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the
	command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
	preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this
	defaults to UTF-8.
	</p>
	</dd>
	</dl></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_pretty_formats">PRETTY FORMATS</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="para"><p>If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format
	is not <em>oneline</em>, <em>email</em> or <em>raw</em>, an additional line is
	inserted before the <em>Author:</em> line. This line begins with
	"Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are printed,
	separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
	necessarily be the list of the <strong>direct</strong> parent commits if you
	have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
	only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
	file.</p></div>
	<div class="para"><p>Here are some additional details for each format:</p></div>
	<div class="ilist"><ul>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>oneline</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><sha1> <title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="para"><p>This is designed to be as compact as possible.</p></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>short</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>commit <sha1>
	Author: <author></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>medium</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>commit <sha1>
	Author: <author>
	Date: <author date></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><full commit message></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>full</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>commit <sha1>
	Author: <author>
	Commit: <committer></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><full commit message></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>fuller</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>commit <sha1>
	Author: <author>
	AuthorDate: <author date>
	Commit: <committer>
	CommitDate: <committer date></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><full commit message></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>email</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>From <sha1> <date>
	From: <author>
	Date: <author date>
	Subject: [PATCH] <title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><full commit message></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>raw</em>
	</p>
	<div class="para"><p>The <em>raw</em> format shows the entire commit exactly as
	stored in the commit object. Notably, the SHA1s are
	displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
	--no-abbrev are used, and <em>parents</em> information show the
	true parent commits, without taking grafts nor history
	simplification into account.</p></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>format:</em>
	</p>
	<div class="para"><p>The <em>format:</em> format allows you to specify which information
	you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format,
	with the notable exception that you get a newline with <em>%n</em>
	instead of <em>\n</em>.</p></div>
	<div class="para"><p>E.g, <em>format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n"</em>
	would show something like this:</p></div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
	The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<
	</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="para"><p>The placeholders are:</p></div>
	<div class="ilist"><ul>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%H</em>: commit hash
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%h</em>: abbreviated commit hash
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%T</em>: tree hash
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%t</em>: abbreviated tree hash
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%P</em>: parent hashes
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%p</em>: abbreviated parent hashes
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%an</em>: author name
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%aN</em>: author name (respecting .mailmap)
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%ae</em>: author email
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%ad</em>: author date
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%aD</em>: author date, RFC2822 style
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%ar</em>: author date, relative
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%at</em>: author date, UNIX timestamp
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%ai</em>: author date, ISO 8601 format
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%cn</em>: committer name
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%cN</em>: committer name (respecting .mailmap)
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%ce</em>: committer email
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%cd</em>: committer date
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%cD</em>: committer date, RFC2822 style
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%cr</em>: committer date, relative
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%ct</em>: committer date, UNIX timestamp
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%ci</em>: committer date, ISO 8601 format
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%e</em>: encoding
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%s</em>: subject
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%b</em>: body
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%Cred</em>: switch color to red
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%Cgreen</em>: switch color to green
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%Cblue</em>: switch color to blue
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%Creset</em>: reset color
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%m</em>: left, right or boundary mark
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%n</em>: newline
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%x00</em>: print a byte from a hex code
	</p>
	</li>
	</ul></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>tformat:</em>
	</p>
	<div class="para"><p>The <em>tformat:</em> format works exactly like <em>format:</em>, except that it
	provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics. In
	other words, each commit has the message terminator character (usually a
	newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries.
	This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly
	terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does.
	For example:</p></div>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
	\| perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
	4da45be
	7134973 -- NO NEWLINE

	$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
	\| perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
	4da45be
	7134973</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	</li>
	</ul></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="vlist"><dl>
	<dt>
	git show v1.0.0
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Shows the tag <tt>v1.0.0</tt>, along with the object the tags
	points at.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	git show v1.0.0^{tree}
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Shows the tree pointed to by the tag <tt>v1.0.0</tt>.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	git show next~10:Documentation/README
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Shows the contents of the file <tt>Documentation/README</tt> as
	they were current in the 10th last commit of the branch
	<tt>next</tt>.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	git show master:Makefile master:t/Makefile
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Concatenates the contents of said Makefiles in the head
	of the branch <tt>master</tt>.
	</p>
	</dd>
	</dl></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_discussion">Discussion</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="para"><p>At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.</p></div>
	<div class="ilist"><ul>
	<li>
	<p>
	The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects
	are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.
	What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared
	with the data git keeps track of, which in turn are expected
	to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such
	thing as pathname encoding translation.
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequence
	of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core
	level.
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequence of non-NUL
	bytes.
	</p>
	</li>
	</ul></div>
	<div class="para"><p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
	in UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to
	force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular
	project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git
	does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in
	mind.</p></div>
	<div class="olist"><ol>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>git-commit-tree</em> (hence, <em>git-commit</em> which uses it) issues
	a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
	like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
	project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to
	have i18n.commitencoding in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
	</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>[i18n]
	commitencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="para"><p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
	of <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> in its <tt>encoding</tt> header. This is to
	help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header
	implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>git-log</em>, <em>git-show</em> and friends looks at the <tt>encoding</tt>
	header of a commit object, and tries to re-code the log
	message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can
	specify the desired output encoding with
	<tt>i18n.logoutputencoding</tt> in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
	</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>[i18n]
	logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="para"><p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
	<tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> is used instead.</p></div>
	</li>
	</ol></div>
	<div class="para"><p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
	message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
	object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
	reversible operation.</p></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_author">Author</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="para"><p>Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and
	Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>. Significantly enhanced by
	Johannes Schindelin <Johannes.Schindelin@gmx.de>.</p></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_documentation">Documentation</h2>
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	<div class="para"><p>Documentation by David Greaves, Petr Baudis and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.</p></div>
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	<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
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	<div class="para"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
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	Last updated 2008-07-31 22:10:23 UTC
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