git-commit-tree.html - external/gitster/git-htmldocs - Git at Google

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 <div id="header">
 <h1>
 git-commit-tree(1) Manual Page
 </h1>
 <h2>NAME</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>git-commit-tree -
  Create a new commit object
 </p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="verseblock">
 <div class="verseblock-content"><em>git commit-tree</em> &lt;tree&gt; [(-p &lt;parent&gt;)&#8230;] &lt; changelog
 <em>git commit-tree</em> [(-p &lt;parent&gt;)&#8230;] [(-m &lt;message&gt;)&#8230;] [(-F &lt;file&gt;)&#8230;] &lt;tree&gt;</div>
 <div class="verseblock-attribution">
 </div></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly. See
 <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> instead.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and
 emits the new commit object id on stdout. The log message is read
 from the standard input, unless <tt>-m</tt> or <tt>-F</tt> options are given.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>A commit object may have any number of parents. With exactly one
 parent, it is an ordinary commit. Having more than one parent makes
 the commit a merge between several lines of history. Initial (root)
 commits have no parents.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working
 directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how
 to get there.</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while git
 doesn&#8217;t care where you save the note about that state, in practice we
 tend to just write the result to the file that is pointed at by
 <tt>.git/HEAD</tt>, so that we can always see what the last committed
 state was.</p></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 &lt;tree&gt;
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  An existing tree object
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 -p &lt;parent&gt;
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Each <em>-p</em> indicates the id of a parent commit object.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 -m &lt;message&gt;
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  A paragraph in the commit log message. This can be given more than
  once and each &lt;message&gt; becomes its own paragraph.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 -F &lt;file&gt;
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Read the commit log message from the given file. Use <tt>-</tt> to read
  from the standard input.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_commit_information">Commit Information</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>A commit encapsulates:</p></div>
 <div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 all parent object ids
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 author name, email and date
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 committer name and email and the commit time.
 </p>
 </li>
 </ul></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>While parent object ids are provided on the command line, author and
 committer information is taken from the following environment variables,
 if set:</p></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME
 GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL
 GIT_AUTHOR_DATE
 GIT_COMMITTER_NAME
 GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL
 GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
 EMAIL</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>(nb "&lt;", "&gt;" and "\n"s are stripped)</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>In case (some of) these environment variables are not set, the information
 is taken from the configuration items user.name and user.email, or, if not
 present, system user name and the hostname used for outgoing mail (taken
 from <tt>/etc/mailname</tt> and falling back to the fully qualified hostname when
 that file does not exist).</p></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog
 entry is not provided via "&lt;" redirection, <em>git commit-tree</em> will just wait
 for one to be entered and terminated with ^D.</p></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_date_formats">DATE FORMATS</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>The GIT_AUTHOR_DATE, GIT_COMMITTER_DATE environment variables
 support the following date formats:</p></div>
 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 Git internal format
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  It is <tt>&lt;unix timestamp&gt; &lt;timezone offset&gt;</tt>, where <tt>&lt;unix
  timestamp&gt;</tt> is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.
  <tt>&lt;timezone offset&gt;</tt> is a positive or negative offset from UTC.
  For example CET (which is 2 hours ahead UTC) is <tt>+0200</tt>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 RFC 2822
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example
  <tt>Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200</tt>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt class="hdlist1">
 ISO 8601
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example
  <tt>2005-04-07T22:13:13</tt>. The parser accepts a space instead of the
  <tt>T</tt> character as well.
 </p>
 <div class="admonitionblock">
 <table><tr>
 <td class="icon">
 <div class="title">Note</div>
 </td>
 <td class="content">In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats:
 <tt>YYYY.MM.DD</tt>, <tt>MM/DD/YYYY</tt> and <tt>DD.MM.YYYY</tt>.</td>
 </tr></table>
 </div>
 </dd>
 </dl></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_discussion">Discussion</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.</p></div>
 <div class="ulist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects
  are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.
  What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared
  with the data git keeps track of, which in turn are expected
  to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such
  thing as pathname encoding translation.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences
  of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core
  level.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL
  bytes.
 </p>
 </li>
 </ul></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
 in UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to
 force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular
 project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git
 does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in
 mind.</p></div>
 <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>git commit</em> and <em>git commit-tree</em> issues
  a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
  like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
  project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to
  have i18n.commitencoding in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
 </p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>[i18n]
  commitencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
 of <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> in its <tt>encoding</tt> header. This is to
 help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header
 implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>git log</em>, <em>git show</em>, <em>git blame</em> and friends look at the
  <tt>encoding</tt> header of a commit object, and try to re-code the
  log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can
  specify the desired output encoding with
  <tt>i18n.logoutputencoding</tt> in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
 </p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>[i18n]
  logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
 <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> is used instead.</p></div>
 </li>
 </ol></div>
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
 message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
 object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
 reversible operation.</p></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_files">FILES</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>/etc/mailname</p></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a></p></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated 2012-07-23 21:34:17 PDT
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
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	<body>
	<div id="header">
	<h1>
	git-commit-tree(1) Manual Page
	</h1>
	<h2>NAME</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>git-commit-tree -
	Create a new commit object
	</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div id="content">
	<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="verseblock">
	<div class="verseblock-content"><em>git commit-tree</em> <tree> [(-p <parent>)…] < changelog
	<em>git commit-tree</em> [(-p <parent>)…] [(-m <message>)…] [(-F <file>)…] <tree></div>
	<div class="verseblock-attribution">
	</div></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="paragraph"><p>This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly. See
	<a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> instead.</p></div>
	<div class="paragraph"><p>Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and
	emits the new commit object id on stdout. The log message is read
	from the standard input, unless <tt>-m</tt> or <tt>-F</tt> options are given.</p></div>
	<div class="paragraph"><p>A commit object may have any number of parents. With exactly one
	parent, it is an ordinary commit. Having more than one parent makes
	the commit a merge between several lines of history. Initial (root)
	commits have no parents.</p></div>
	<div class="paragraph"><p>While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working
	directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how
	to get there.</p></div>
	<div class="paragraph"><p>Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while git
	doesn’t care where you save the note about that state, in practice we
	tend to just write the result to the file that is pointed at by
	<tt>.git/HEAD</tt>, so that we can always see what the last committed
	state was.</p></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="dlist"><dl>
	<dt class="hdlist1">
	<tree>
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	An existing tree object
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt class="hdlist1">
	-p <parent>
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Each <em>-p</em> indicates the id of a parent commit object.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt class="hdlist1">
	-m <message>
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	A paragraph in the commit log message. This can be given more than
	once and each <message> becomes its own paragraph.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt class="hdlist1">
	-F <file>
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Read the commit log message from the given file. Use <tt>-</tt> to read
	from the standard input.
	</p>
	</dd>
	</dl></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_commit_information">Commit Information</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="paragraph"><p>A commit encapsulates:</p></div>
	<div class="ulist"><ul>
	<li>
	<p>
	all parent object ids
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	author name, email and date
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	committer name and email and the commit time.
	</p>
	</li>
	</ul></div>
	<div class="paragraph"><p>While parent object ids are provided on the command line, author and
	committer information is taken from the following environment variables,
	if set:</p></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME
	GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL
	GIT_AUTHOR_DATE
	GIT_COMMITTER_NAME
	GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL
	GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
	EMAIL</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="paragraph"><p>(nb "<", ">" and "\n"s are stripped)</p></div>
	<div class="paragraph"><p>In case (some of) these environment variables are not set, the information
	is taken from the configuration items user.name and user.email, or, if not
	present, system user name and the hostname used for outgoing mail (taken
	from <tt>/etc/mailname</tt> and falling back to the fully qualified hostname when
	that file does not exist).</p></div>
	<div class="paragraph"><p>A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog
	entry is not provided via "<" redirection, <em>git commit-tree</em> will just wait
	for one to be entered and terminated with ^D.</p></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_date_formats">DATE FORMATS</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="paragraph"><p>The GIT_AUTHOR_DATE, GIT_COMMITTER_DATE environment variables
	support the following date formats:</p></div>
	<div class="dlist"><dl>
	<dt class="hdlist1">
	Git internal format
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	It is <tt><unix timestamp> <timezone offset></tt>, where <tt><unix
	timestamp></tt> is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.
	<tt><timezone offset></tt> is a positive or negative offset from UTC.
	For example CET (which is 2 hours ahead UTC) is <tt>+0200</tt>.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt class="hdlist1">
	RFC 2822
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example
	<tt>Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200</tt>.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt class="hdlist1">
	ISO 8601
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example
	<tt>2005-04-07T22:13:13</tt>. The parser accepts a space instead of the
	<tt>T</tt> character as well.
	</p>
	<div class="admonitionblock">
	<table><tr>
	<td class="icon">
	<div class="title">Note</div>
	</td>
	<td class="content">In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats:
	<tt>YYYY.MM.DD</tt>, <tt>MM/DD/YYYY</tt> and <tt>DD.MM.YYYY</tt>.</td>
	</tr></table>
	</div>
	</dd>
	</dl></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_discussion">Discussion</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="paragraph"><p>At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.</p></div>
	<div class="ulist"><ul>
	<li>
	<p>
	The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects
	are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.
	What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared
	with the data git keeps track of, which in turn are expected
	to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such
	thing as pathname encoding translation.
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences
	of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core
	level.
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL
	bytes.
	</p>
	</li>
	</ul></div>
	<div class="paragraph"><p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
	in UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to
	force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular
	project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git
	does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in
	mind.</p></div>
	<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>git commit</em> and <em>git commit-tree</em> issues
	a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
	like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
	project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to
	have i18n.commitencoding in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
	</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>[i18n]
	commitencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="paragraph"><p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
	of <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> in its <tt>encoding</tt> header. This is to
	help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header
	implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>git log</em>, <em>git show</em>, <em>git blame</em> and friends look at the
	<tt>encoding</tt> header of a commit object, and try to re-code the
	log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can
	specify the desired output encoding with
	<tt>i18n.logoutputencoding</tt> in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
	</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>[i18n]
	logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="paragraph"><p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
	<tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> is used instead.</p></div>
	</li>
	</ol></div>
	<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
	message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
	object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
	reversible operation.</p></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_files">FILES</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="paragraph"><p>/etc/mailname</p></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="paragraph"><p><a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a></p></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
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	Last updated 2012-07-23 21:34:17 PDT
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