git-log.html - external/gitster/git-htmldocs - Git at Google

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 </style>
 <title>git-log(1)</title>
 </head>
 <body>
 <div id="header">
 <h1>
 git-log(1) Manual Page
 </h1>
 <h2>NAME</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>git-log -
  Show commit logs
 </p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <h2>SYNOPSIS</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p><em>git-log</em> &lt;option&gt;&#8230;</p>
 </div>
 <h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>Shows the commit logs.</p>
 <p>The command takes options applicable to the <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>
 command to control what is shown and how, and options applicable to
 the <a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree(1)</a> commands to control how the change
 each commit introduces are shown.</p>
 <p>This manual page describes only the most frequently used options.</p>
 </div>
 <h2>OPTIONS</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <dl>
 <dt>
 --pretty[=<em>&lt;format&gt;</em>]
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Pretty-prints the details of a commit. <tt>--pretty</tt>
  without an explicit <tt>=&lt;format&gt;</tt> defaults to <em>medium</em>.
  If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format
  is not <em>oneline</em>, <em>email</em> or <em>raw</em>, an additional line is
  inserted before the <em>Author:</em> line. This line begins with
  "Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are printed,
  separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
  necessarily be the list of the <strong>direct</strong> parent commits if you
  have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
  only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
  file. Here are some additional details for each format:
 </p>
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>oneline</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;sha1&gt; &lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <p>This is designed to be as compact as possible.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>short</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
 Author: &lt;author&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>medium</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
 Author: &lt;author&gt;
 Date: &lt;date&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>full</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
 Author: &lt;author&gt;
 Commit: &lt;committer&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>fuller</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
 Author: &lt;author&gt;
 AuthorDate: &lt;date &amp; time&gt;
 Commit: &lt;committer&gt;
 CommitDate: &lt;date &amp; time&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>email</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>From &lt;sha1&gt; &lt;date&gt;
 From: &lt;author&gt;
 Date: &lt;date &amp; time&gt;
 Subject: [PATCH] &lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>raw</em>
 </p>
 <p>The <em>raw</em> format shows the entire commit exactly as
 stored in the commit object. Notably, the SHA1s are
 displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
 --no-abbrev are used, and <em>parents</em> information show the
 true parent commits, without taking grafts nor history
 simplification into account.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 --encoding[=&lt;encoding&gt;]
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message
  in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the
  command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
  preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this
  defaults to UTF-8.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 -&lt;n&gt;
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Limits the number of commits to show.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 &lt;since&gt;..&lt;until&gt;
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Show only commits between the named two commits. When
  either &lt;since&gt; or &lt;until&gt; is omitted, it defaults to
  <tt>HEAD</tt>, i.e. the tip of the current branch.
  For a more complete list of ways to spell &lt;since&gt;
  and &lt;until&gt;, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in
  <a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 -p
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Show the change the commit introduces in a patch form.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 &lt;paths&gt;&#8230;
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Show only commits that affect the specified paths.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl>
 </div>
 <h2>Examples</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <dl>
 <dt>
 git log --no-merges
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Show the whole commit history, but skip any merges
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 git log v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Show all commits since version <em>v2.6.12</em> that changed any file
  in the include/scsi or drivers/scsi subdirectories
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 git log --since="2 weeks ago" -- gitk
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file <em>gitk</em>.
  The "--" is necessary to avoid confusion with the <strong>branch</strong> named
  <em>gitk</em>
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 git log -r --name-status release..test
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Show the commits that are in the "test" branch but not yet
  in the "release" branch, along with the list of paths
  each commit modifies.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl>
 </div>
 <h2>Discussion</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.</p>
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects
  are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.
  What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared
  with the data git keeps track of, which in turn are expected
  to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such
  thing as pathname encoding translation.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequence
  of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core
  level.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequence of non-NUL
  bytes.
 </p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 <p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
 in UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to
 force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular
 project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git
 does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in
 mind.</p>
 <ol>
 <li>
 <p>
 <tt>git-commit-tree</tt> (hence, <tt>git-commit</tt> which uses it) issues
  an warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
  like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
  project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to
  have core.commitencoding in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
 </p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>[core]
  commitencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
 of <tt>core.commitencoding</tt> in its <tt>encoding</tt> header. This is to
 help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header
 implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <tt>git-log</tt>, <tt>git-show</tt> and friends looks at the <tt>encoding</tt>
  header of a commit object, and tries to re-code the log
  message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can
  specify the desired output encoding with
  <tt>core.logoutputencoding</tt> in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
 </p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>[core]
  logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
 <tt>core.commitencoding</tt> is used instead.</p>
 </li>
 </ol>
 <p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
 message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
 object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
 reversible operation.</p>
 </div>
 <h2>Author</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>Written by Linus Torvalds &lt;torvalds@osdl.org&gt;</p>
 </div>
 <h2>Documentation</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list &lt;git@vger.kernel.org&gt;.</p>
 </div>
 <h2>GIT</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(7)</a> suite</p>
 </div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated 18-Jan-2007 06:24:00 UTC
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
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	<title>git-log(1)</title>
	</head>
	<body>
	<div id="header">
	<h1>
	git-log(1) Manual Page
	</h1>
	<h2>NAME</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>git-log -
	Show commit logs
	</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<h2>SYNOPSIS</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p><em>git-log</em> <option>…</p>
	</div>
	<h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>Shows the commit logs.</p>
	<p>The command takes options applicable to the <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>
	command to control what is shown and how, and options applicable to
	the <a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree(1)</a> commands to control how the change
	each commit introduces are shown.</p>
	<p>This manual page describes only the most frequently used options.</p>
	</div>
	<h2>OPTIONS</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<dl>
	<dt>
	--pretty[=<em><format></em>]
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Pretty-prints the details of a commit. <tt>--pretty</tt>
	without an explicit <tt>=<format></tt> defaults to <em>medium</em>.
	If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format
	is not <em>oneline</em>, <em>email</em> or <em>raw</em>, an additional line is
	inserted before the <em>Author:</em> line. This line begins with
	"Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are printed,
	separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
	necessarily be the list of the <strong>direct</strong> parent commits if you
	have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
	only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
	file. Here are some additional details for each format:
	</p>
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>oneline</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><sha1> <title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<p>This is designed to be as compact as possible.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>short</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>commit <sha1>
	Author: <author></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>medium</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>commit <sha1>
	Author: <author>
	Date: <date></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><full commit message></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>full</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>commit <sha1>
	Author: <author>
	Commit: <committer></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><full commit message></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>fuller</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>commit <sha1>
	Author: <author>
	AuthorDate: <date & time>
	Commit: <committer>
	CommitDate: <date & time></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><full commit message></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>email</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>From <sha1> <date>
	From: <author>
	Date: <date & time>
	Subject: [PATCH] <title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>full commit message></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>raw</em>
	</p>
	<p>The <em>raw</em> format shows the entire commit exactly as
	stored in the commit object. Notably, the SHA1s are
	displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
	--no-abbrev are used, and <em>parents</em> information show the
	true parent commits, without taking grafts nor history
	simplification into account.</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	--encoding[=<encoding>]
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message
	in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the
	command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
	preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this
	defaults to UTF-8.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	-<n>
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Limits the number of commits to show.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	<since>..<until>
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Show only commits between the named two commits. When
	either <since> or <until> is omitted, it defaults to
	<tt>HEAD</tt>, i.e. the tip of the current branch.
	For a more complete list of ways to spell <since>
	and <until>, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in
	<a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a>.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	-p
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Show the change the commit introduces in a patch form.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	<paths>…
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Show only commits that affect the specified paths.
	</p>
	</dd>
	</dl>
	</div>
	<h2>Examples</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<dl>
	<dt>
	git log --no-merges
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Show the whole commit history, but skip any merges
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	git log v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Show all commits since version <em>v2.6.12</em> that changed any file
	in the include/scsi or drivers/scsi subdirectories
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	git log --since="2 weeks ago" -- gitk
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file <em>gitk</em>.
	The "--" is necessary to avoid confusion with the <strong>branch</strong> named
	<em>gitk</em>
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	git log -r --name-status release..test
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Show the commits that are in the "test" branch but not yet
	in the "release" branch, along with the list of paths
	each commit modifies.
	</p>
	</dd>
	</dl>
	</div>
	<h2>Discussion</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.</p>
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>
	The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects
	are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.
	What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared
	with the data git keeps track of, which in turn are expected
	to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such
	thing as pathname encoding translation.
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequence
	of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core
	level.
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequence of non-NUL
	bytes.
	</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	<p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
	in UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to
	force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular
	project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git
	does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in
	mind.</p>
	<ol>
	<li>
	<p>
	<tt>git-commit-tree</tt> (hence, <tt>git-commit</tt> which uses it) issues
	an warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
	like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
	project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to
	have core.commitencoding in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
	</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>[core]
	commitencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
	of <tt>core.commitencoding</tt> in its <tt>encoding</tt> header. This is to
	help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header
	implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<tt>git-log</tt>, <tt>git-show</tt> and friends looks at the <tt>encoding</tt>
	header of a commit object, and tries to re-code the log
	message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can
	specify the desired output encoding with
	<tt>core.logoutputencoding</tt> in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
	</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>[core]
	logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
	<tt>core.commitencoding</tt> is used instead.</p>
	</li>
	</ol>
	<p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
	message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
	object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
	reversible operation.</p>
	</div>
	<h2>Author</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org></p>
	</div>
	<h2>Documentation</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.</p>
	</div>
	<h2>GIT</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(7)</a> suite</p>
	</div>
	<div id="footer">
	<div id="footer-text">
	Last updated 18-Jan-2007 06:24:00 UTC
	</div>
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