git-log.html - external/gitster/git-htmldocs - Git at Google

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 </style>
 <title>git-log(1)</title>
 </head>
 <body>
 <div id="header">
 <h1>
 git-log(1) Manual Page
 </h1>
 <h2>NAME</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>git-log -
  Show commit logs
 </p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <h2>SYNOPSIS</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p><em>git-log</em> &lt;option&gt;&#8230;</p>
 </div>
 <h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>Shows the commit logs.</p>
 <p>The command takes options applicable to the <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>
 command to control what is shown and how, and options applicable to
 the <a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree(1)</a> commands to control how the changes
 each commit introduces are shown.</p>
 <p>This manual page describes only the most frequently used options.</p>
 </div>
 <h2>OPTIONS</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <dl>
 <dt>
 --pretty[=<em>&lt;format&gt;</em>]
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
  where <em>&lt;format&gt;</em> can be one of <em>oneline</em>, <em>short</em>, <em>medium</em>,
  <em>full</em>, <em>fuller</em>, <em>email</em>, <em>raw</em> and <em>format:&lt;string&gt;</em>.
  When omitted, the format defaults to <em>medium</em>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 --abbrev-commit
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object
  name, show only handful hexdigits prefix. Non default number of
  digits can be specified with "--abbrev=&lt;n&gt;" (which also modifies
  diff output, if it is displayed).
 </p>
 <p>This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
 people using 80-column terminals.</p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 --encoding[=&lt;encoding&gt;]
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message
  in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the
  command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
  preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this
  defaults to UTF-8.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 -&lt;n&gt;
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Limits the number of commits to show.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 &lt;since&gt;..&lt;until&gt;
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Show only commits between the named two commits. When
  either &lt;since&gt; or &lt;until&gt; is omitted, it defaults to
  <tt>HEAD</tt>, i.e. the tip of the current branch.
  For a more complete list of ways to spell &lt;since&gt;
  and &lt;until&gt;, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in
  <a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 --first-parent
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge
  commit. This option gives a better overview of the
  evolution of a particular branch.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 -p
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Show the change the commit introduces in a patch form.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 -g, --walk-reflogs
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Show commits as they were recorded in the reflog. The log contains
  a record about how the tip of a reference was changed.
  Cannot be combined with --reverse.
  See also <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 --decorate
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Print out the ref names of any commits that are shown.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 --full-diff
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Without this flag, "git log -p &lt;paths&gt;&#8230;" shows commits that
  touch the specified paths, and diffs about the same specified
  paths. With this, the full diff is shown for commits that touch
  the specified paths; this means that "&lt;paths&gt;&#8230;" limits only
  commits, and doesn't limit diff for those commits.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 --follow
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Continue listing the history of a file beyond renames.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 --log-size
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Before the log message print out its size in bytes. Intended
  mainly for porcelain tools consumption. If git is unable to
  produce a valid value size is set to zero.
  Note that only message is considered, if also a diff is shown
  its size is not included.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 &lt;paths&gt;&#8230;
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Show only commits that affect the specified paths.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl>
 </div>
 <h2>PRETTY FORMATS</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format
 is not <em>oneline</em>, <em>email</em> or <em>raw</em>, an additional line is
 inserted before the <em>Author:</em> line. This line begins with
 "Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are printed,
 separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
 necessarily be the list of the <strong>direct</strong> parent commits if you
 have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
 only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
 file.</p>
 <p>Here are some additional details for each format:</p>
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>oneline</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;sha1&gt; &lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <p>This is designed to be as compact as possible.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>short</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
 Author: &lt;author&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>medium</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
 Author: &lt;author&gt;
 Date: &lt;date&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>full</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
 Author: &lt;author&gt;
 Commit: &lt;committer&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>fuller</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
 Author: &lt;author&gt;
 AuthorDate: &lt;date &amp; time&gt;
 Commit: &lt;committer&gt;
 CommitDate: &lt;date &amp; time&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>email</em>
 </p>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>From &lt;sha1&gt; &lt;date&gt;
 From: &lt;author&gt;
 Date: &lt;date &amp; time&gt;
 Subject: [PATCH] &lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>raw</em>
 </p>
 <p>The <em>raw</em> format shows the entire commit exactly as
 stored in the commit object. Notably, the SHA1s are
 displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
 --no-abbrev are used, and <em>parents</em> information show the
 true parent commits, without taking grafts nor history
 simplification into account.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>format:</em>
 </p>
 <p>The <em>format:</em> format allows you to specify which information
 you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format,
 with the notable exception that you get a newline with <em>%n</em>
 instead of <em>\n</em>.</p>
 <p>E.g, <em>format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was &gt;&gt;%s&lt;&lt;%n"</em>
 would show something like this:</p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
 The title was &gt;&gt;t4119: test autocomputing -p&lt;n&gt; for traditional diff input.&lt;&lt;
 </tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <p>The placeholders are:</p>
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%H</em>: commit hash
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%h</em>: abbreviated commit hash
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%T</em>: tree hash
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%t</em>: abbreviated tree hash
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%P</em>: parent hashes
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%p</em>: abbreviated parent hashes
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%an</em>: author name
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%ae</em>: author email
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%ad</em>: author date
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%aD</em>: author date, RFC2822 style
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%ar</em>: author date, relative
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%at</em>: author date, UNIX timestamp
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%ai</em>: author date, ISO 8601 format
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%cn</em>: committer name
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%ce</em>: committer email
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%cd</em>: committer date
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%cD</em>: committer date, RFC2822 style
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%cr</em>: committer date, relative
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%ct</em>: committer date, UNIX timestamp
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%ci</em>: committer date, ISO 8601 format
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%e</em>: encoding
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%s</em>: subject
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%b</em>: body
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%Cred</em>: switch color to red
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%Cgreen</em>: switch color to green
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%Cblue</em>: switch color to blue
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%Creset</em>: reset color
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%m</em>: left, right or boundary mark
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>%n</em>: newline
 </p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <h2>Examples</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <dl>
 <dt>
 git log --no-merges
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Show the whole commit history, but skip any merges
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 git log v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Show all commits since version <em>v2.6.12</em> that changed any file
  in the include/scsi or drivers/scsi subdirectories
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 git log --since="2 weeks ago" -- gitk
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file <em>gitk</em>.
  The "--" is necessary to avoid confusion with the <strong>branch</strong> named
  <em>gitk</em>
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 git log --name-status release..test
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Show the commits that are in the "test" branch but not yet
  in the "release" branch, along with the list of paths
  each commit modifies.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 git log --follow builtin-rev-list.c
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Shows the commits that changed builtin-rev-list.c, including
  those commits that occurred before the file was given its
  present name.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl>
 </div>
 <h2>Discussion</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.</p>
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects
  are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.
  What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared
  with the data git keeps track of, which in turn are expected
  to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such
  thing as pathname encoding translation.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequence
  of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core
  level.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequence of non-NUL
  bytes.
 </p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 <p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
 in UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to
 force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular
 project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git
 does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in
 mind.</p>
 <ol>
 <li>
 <p>
 <tt>git-commit-tree</tt> (hence, <tt>git-commit</tt> which uses it) issues
  an warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
  like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
  project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to
  have i18n.commitencoding in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
 </p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>[i18n]
  commitencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
 of <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> in its <tt>encoding</tt> header. This is to
 help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header
 implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <tt>git-log</tt>, <tt>git-show</tt> and friends looks at the <tt>encoding</tt>
  header of a commit object, and tries to re-code the log
  message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can
  specify the desired output encoding with
  <tt>i18n.logoutputencoding</tt> in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
 </p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>[i18n]
  logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
 <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> is used instead.</p>
 </li>
 </ol>
 <p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
 message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
 object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
 reversible operation.</p>
 </div>
 <h2>Author</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>Written by Linus Torvalds &lt;torvalds@osdl.org&gt;</p>
 </div>
 <h2>Documentation</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list &lt;git@vger.kernel.org&gt;.</p>
 </div>
 <h2>GIT</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(7)</a> suite</p>
 </div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated 29-Aug-2007 07:30:56 UTC
 </div>
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	<title>git-log(1)</title>
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	<body>
	<div id="header">
	<h1>
	git-log(1) Manual Page
	</h1>
	<h2>NAME</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>git-log -
	Show commit logs
	</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<h2>SYNOPSIS</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p><em>git-log</em> <option>…</p>
	</div>
	<h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>Shows the commit logs.</p>
	<p>The command takes options applicable to the <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>
	command to control what is shown and how, and options applicable to
	the <a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree(1)</a> commands to control how the changes
	each commit introduces are shown.</p>
	<p>This manual page describes only the most frequently used options.</p>
	</div>
	<h2>OPTIONS</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<dl>
	<dt>
	--pretty[=<em><format></em>]
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
	where <em><format></em> can be one of <em>oneline</em>, <em>short</em>, <em>medium</em>,
	<em>full</em>, <em>fuller</em>, <em>email</em>, <em>raw</em> and <em>format:<string></em>.
	When omitted, the format defaults to <em>medium</em>.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	--abbrev-commit
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object
	name, show only handful hexdigits prefix. Non default number of
	digits can be specified with "--abbrev=<n>" (which also modifies
	diff output, if it is displayed).
	</p>
	<p>This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
	people using 80-column terminals.</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	--encoding[=<encoding>]
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message
	in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the
	command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
	preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this
	defaults to UTF-8.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	-<n>
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Limits the number of commits to show.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	<since>..<until>
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Show only commits between the named two commits. When
	either <since> or <until> is omitted, it defaults to
	<tt>HEAD</tt>, i.e. the tip of the current branch.
	For a more complete list of ways to spell <since>
	and <until>, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in
	<a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a>.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	--first-parent
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge
	commit. This option gives a better overview of the
	evolution of a particular branch.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	-p
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Show the change the commit introduces in a patch form.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	-g, --walk-reflogs
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Show commits as they were recorded in the reflog. The log contains
	a record about how the tip of a reference was changed.
	Cannot be combined with --reverse.
	See also <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	--decorate
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Print out the ref names of any commits that are shown.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	--full-diff
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Without this flag, "git log -p <paths>…" shows commits that
	touch the specified paths, and diffs about the same specified
	paths. With this, the full diff is shown for commits that touch
	the specified paths; this means that "<paths>…" limits only
	commits, and doesn't limit diff for those commits.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	--follow
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Continue listing the history of a file beyond renames.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	--log-size
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Before the log message print out its size in bytes. Intended
	mainly for porcelain tools consumption. If git is unable to
	produce a valid value size is set to zero.
	Note that only message is considered, if also a diff is shown
	its size is not included.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	<paths>…
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Show only commits that affect the specified paths.
	</p>
	</dd>
	</dl>
	</div>
	<h2>PRETTY FORMATS</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format
	is not <em>oneline</em>, <em>email</em> or <em>raw</em>, an additional line is
	inserted before the <em>Author:</em> line. This line begins with
	"Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are printed,
	separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
	necessarily be the list of the <strong>direct</strong> parent commits if you
	have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
	only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
	file.</p>
	<p>Here are some additional details for each format:</p>
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>oneline</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><sha1> <title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<p>This is designed to be as compact as possible.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>short</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>commit <sha1>
	Author: <author></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>medium</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>commit <sha1>
	Author: <author>
	Date: <date></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><full commit message></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>full</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>commit <sha1>
	Author: <author>
	Commit: <committer></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><full commit message></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>fuller</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>commit <sha1>
	Author: <author>
	AuthorDate: <date & time>
	Commit: <committer>
	CommitDate: <date & time></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><full commit message></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>email</em>
	</p>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>From <sha1> <date>
	From: <author>
	Date: <date & time>
	Subject: [PATCH] <title line></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt><full commit message></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>raw</em>
	</p>
	<p>The <em>raw</em> format shows the entire commit exactly as
	stored in the commit object. Notably, the SHA1s are
	displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
	--no-abbrev are used, and <em>parents</em> information show the
	true parent commits, without taking grafts nor history
	simplification into account.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>format:</em>
	</p>
	<p>The <em>format:</em> format allows you to specify which information
	you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format,
	with the notable exception that you get a newline with <em>%n</em>
	instead of <em>\n</em>.</p>
	<p>E.g, <em>format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n"</em>
	would show something like this:</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
	The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<
	</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<p>The placeholders are:</p>
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%H</em>: commit hash
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%h</em>: abbreviated commit hash
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%T</em>: tree hash
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%t</em>: abbreviated tree hash
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%P</em>: parent hashes
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%p</em>: abbreviated parent hashes
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%an</em>: author name
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%ae</em>: author email
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%ad</em>: author date
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%aD</em>: author date, RFC2822 style
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%ar</em>: author date, relative
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%at</em>: author date, UNIX timestamp
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%ai</em>: author date, ISO 8601 format
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%cn</em>: committer name
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%ce</em>: committer email
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%cd</em>: committer date
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%cD</em>: committer date, RFC2822 style
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%cr</em>: committer date, relative
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%ct</em>: committer date, UNIX timestamp
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%ci</em>: committer date, ISO 8601 format
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%e</em>: encoding
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%s</em>: subject
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%b</em>: body
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%Cred</em>: switch color to red
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%Cgreen</em>: switch color to green
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%Cblue</em>: switch color to blue
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%Creset</em>: reset color
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%m</em>: left, right or boundary mark
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>%n</em>: newline
	</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	<h2>Examples</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<dl>
	<dt>
	git log --no-merges
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Show the whole commit history, but skip any merges
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	git log v2.6.12.. include/scsi drivers/scsi
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Show all commits since version <em>v2.6.12</em> that changed any file
	in the include/scsi or drivers/scsi subdirectories
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	git log --since="2 weeks ago" -- gitk
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Show the changes during the last two weeks to the file <em>gitk</em>.
	The "--" is necessary to avoid confusion with the <strong>branch</strong> named
	<em>gitk</em>
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	git log --name-status release..test
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Show the commits that are in the "test" branch but not yet
	in the "release" branch, along with the list of paths
	each commit modifies.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	git log --follow builtin-rev-list.c
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Shows the commits that changed builtin-rev-list.c, including
	those commits that occurred before the file was given its
	present name.
	</p>
	</dd>
	</dl>
	</div>
	<h2>Discussion</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.</p>
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>
	The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects
	are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.
	What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared
	with the data git keeps track of, which in turn are expected
	to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such
	thing as pathname encoding translation.
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequence
	of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core
	level.
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequence of non-NUL
	bytes.
	</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	<p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
	in UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to
	force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular
	project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git
	does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in
	mind.</p>
	<ol>
	<li>
	<p>
	<tt>git-commit-tree</tt> (hence, <tt>git-commit</tt> which uses it) issues
	an warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
	like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
	project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to
	have i18n.commitencoding in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
	</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>[i18n]
	commitencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
	of <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> in its <tt>encoding</tt> header. This is to
	help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header
	implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<tt>git-log</tt>, <tt>git-show</tt> and friends looks at the <tt>encoding</tt>
	header of a commit object, and tries to re-code the log
	message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can
	specify the desired output encoding with
	<tt>i18n.logoutputencoding</tt> in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
	</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>[i18n]
	logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
	<tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> is used instead.</p>
	</li>
	</ol>
	<p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
	message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
	object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
	reversible operation.</p>
	</div>
	<h2>Author</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org></p>
	</div>
	<h2>Documentation</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.</p>
	</div>
	<h2>GIT</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(7)</a> suite</p>
	</div>
	<div id="footer">
	<div id="footer-text">
	Last updated 29-Aug-2007 07:30:56 UTC
	</div>
	</div>
	</body>
	</html>