git-commit-tree.html - external/gitster/git-htmldocs - Git at Google

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 </style>
 <title>git-commit-tree(1)</title>
 </head>
 <body>
 <div id="header">
 <h1>
 git-commit-tree(1) Manual Page
 </h1>
 <h2>NAME</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>git-commit-tree -
  Create a new commit object
 </p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <h2>SYNOPSIS</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="para"><p><em>git commit-tree</em> &lt;tree&gt; [-p &lt;parent commit&gt;]* &lt; changelog</p></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="para"><p>This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly. See
 <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> instead.</p></div>
 <div class="para"><p>Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and
 emits the new commit object id on stdout. If no parent is given then
 it is considered to be an initial tree.</p></div>
 <div class="para"><p>A commit object usually has 1 parent (a commit after a change) or up
 to 16 parents. More than one parent represents a merge of branches
 that led to them.</p></div>
 <div class="para"><p>While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working
 directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how
 to get there.</p></div>
 <div class="para"><p>Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while git
 doesn't care where you save the note about that state, in practice we
 tend to just write the result to the file that is pointed at by
 <tt>.git/HEAD</tt>, so that we can always see what the last committed
 state was.</p></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="vlist"><dl>
 <dt>
 &lt;tree&gt;
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  An existing tree object
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 -p &lt;parent commit&gt;
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  Each <em>-p</em> indicates the id of a parent commit object.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_commit_information">Commit Information</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="para"><p>A commit encapsulates:</p></div>
 <div class="ilist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 all parent object ids
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 author name, email and date
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 committer name and email and the commit time.
 </p>
 </li>
 </ul></div>
 <div class="para"><p>While parent object ids are provided on the command line, author and
 committer information is taken from the following environment variables,
 if set:</p></div>
 <div class="literalblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME
 GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL
 GIT_AUTHOR_DATE
 GIT_COMMITTER_NAME
 GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL
 GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
 EMAIL</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="para"><p>(nb "&lt;", "&gt;" and "\n"s are stripped)</p></div>
 <div class="para"><p>In case (some of) these environment variables are not set, the information
 is taken from the configuration items user.name and user.email, or, if not
 present, system user name and fully qualified hostname.</p></div>
 <div class="para"><p>A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog
 entry is not provided via "&lt;" redirection, <em>git-commit-tree</em> will just wait
 for one to be entered and terminated with ^D.</p></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_diagnostics">Diagnostics</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="vlist"><dl>
 <dt>
 You don't exist. Go away!
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  The passwd(5) gecos field couldn't be read
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 Your parents must have hated you!
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  The password(5) gecos field is longer than a giant static buffer.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 Your sysadmin must hate you!
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <p>
  The password(5) name field is longer than a giant static buffer.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_discussion">Discussion</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="para"><p>At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.</p></div>
 <div class="ilist"><ul>
 <li>
 <p>
 The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects
  are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.
  What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared
  with the data git keeps track of, which in turn are expected
  to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such
  thing as pathname encoding translation.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequence
  of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core
  level.
 </p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequence of non-NUL
  bytes.
 </p>
 </li>
 </ul></div>
 <div class="para"><p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
 in UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to
 force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular
 project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git
 does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in
 mind.</p></div>
 <div class="olist"><ol>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>git-commit-tree</em> (hence, <em>git-commit</em> which uses it) issues
  a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
  like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
  project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to
  have i18n.commitencoding in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
 </p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>[i18n]
  commitencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="para"><p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
 of <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> in its <tt>encoding</tt> header. This is to
 help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header
 implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>
 <em>git-log</em>, <em>git-show</em> and friends looks at the <tt>encoding</tt>
  header of a commit object, and tries to re-code the log
  message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can
  specify the desired output encoding with
  <tt>i18n.logoutputencoding</tt> in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
 </p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>[i18n]
  logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <div class="para"><p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
 <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> is used instead.</p></div>
 </li>
 </ol></div>
 <div class="para"><p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
 message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
 object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
 reversible operation.</p></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="para"><p><a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a></p></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_author">Author</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="para"><p>Written by Linus Torvalds &lt;torvalds@osdl.org&gt;</p></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_documentation">Documentation</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="para"><p>Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list &lt;git@vger.kernel.org&gt;.</p></div>
 </div>
 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="para"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
 </div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated 2008-07-06 05:16:39 UTC
 </div>
 </div>
 </body>
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	<title>git-commit-tree(1)</title>
	</head>
	<body>
	<div id="header">
	<h1>
	git-commit-tree(1) Manual Page
	</h1>
	<h2>NAME</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>git-commit-tree -
	Create a new commit object
	</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<h2>SYNOPSIS</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="para"><p><em>git commit-tree</em> <tree> [-p <parent commit>]* < changelog</p></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="para"><p>This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly. See
	<a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> instead.</p></div>
	<div class="para"><p>Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and
	emits the new commit object id on stdout. If no parent is given then
	it is considered to be an initial tree.</p></div>
	<div class="para"><p>A commit object usually has 1 parent (a commit after a change) or up
	to 16 parents. More than one parent represents a merge of branches
	that led to them.</p></div>
	<div class="para"><p>While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working
	directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how
	to get there.</p></div>
	<div class="para"><p>Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while git
	doesn't care where you save the note about that state, in practice we
	tend to just write the result to the file that is pointed at by
	<tt>.git/HEAD</tt>, so that we can always see what the last committed
	state was.</p></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="vlist"><dl>
	<dt>
	<tree>
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	An existing tree object
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	-p <parent commit>
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	Each <em>-p</em> indicates the id of a parent commit object.
	</p>
	</dd>
	</dl></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_commit_information">Commit Information</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="para"><p>A commit encapsulates:</p></div>
	<div class="ilist"><ul>
	<li>
	<p>
	all parent object ids
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	author name, email and date
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	committer name and email and the commit time.
	</p>
	</li>
	</ul></div>
	<div class="para"><p>While parent object ids are provided on the command line, author and
	committer information is taken from the following environment variables,
	if set:</p></div>
	<div class="literalblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME
	GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL
	GIT_AUTHOR_DATE
	GIT_COMMITTER_NAME
	GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL
	GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
	EMAIL</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="para"><p>(nb "<", ">" and "\n"s are stripped)</p></div>
	<div class="para"><p>In case (some of) these environment variables are not set, the information
	is taken from the configuration items user.name and user.email, or, if not
	present, system user name and fully qualified hostname.</p></div>
	<div class="para"><p>A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog
	entry is not provided via "<" redirection, <em>git-commit-tree</em> will just wait
	for one to be entered and terminated with ^D.</p></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_diagnostics">Diagnostics</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="vlist"><dl>
	<dt>
	You don't exist. Go away!
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	The passwd(5) gecos field couldn't be read
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	Your parents must have hated you!
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	The password(5) gecos field is longer than a giant static buffer.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt>
	Your sysadmin must hate you!
	</dt>
	<dd>
	<p>
	The password(5) name field is longer than a giant static buffer.
	</p>
	</dd>
	</dl></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_discussion">Discussion</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="para"><p>At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.</p></div>
	<div class="ilist"><ul>
	<li>
	<p>
	The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects
	are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.
	What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared
	with the data git keeps track of, which in turn are expected
	to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such
	thing as pathname encoding translation.
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequence
	of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core
	level.
	</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequence of non-NUL
	bytes.
	</p>
	</li>
	</ul></div>
	<div class="para"><p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
	in UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not to
	force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular
	project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, git
	does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in
	mind.</p></div>
	<div class="olist"><ol>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>git-commit-tree</em> (hence, <em>git-commit</em> which uses it) issues
	a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
	like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
	project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to
	have i18n.commitencoding in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
	</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>[i18n]
	commitencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="para"><p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
	of <tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> in its <tt>encoding</tt> header. This is to
	help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header
	implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p></div>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>
	<em>git-log</em>, <em>git-show</em> and friends looks at the <tt>encoding</tt>
	header of a commit object, and tries to re-code the log
	message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can
	specify the desired output encoding with
	<tt>i18n.logoutputencoding</tt> in <tt>.git/config</tt> file, like this:
	</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>[i18n]
	logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<div class="para"><p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
	<tt>i18n.commitencoding</tt> is used instead.</p></div>
	</li>
	</ol></div>
	<div class="para"><p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
	message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
	object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
	reversible operation.</p></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="para"><p><a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a></p></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_author">Author</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="para"><p>Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org></p></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_documentation">Documentation</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="para"><p>Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.</p></div>
	</div>
	<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="para"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
	</div>
	<div id="footer">
	<div id="footer-text">
	Last updated 2008-07-06 05:16:39 UTC
	</div>
	</div>
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