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<title>git-rev-list(1)</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="header">
<h1>
git-rev-list(1) Manual Page
</h1>
<h2>NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-rev-list -
Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order
</p>
</div>
</div>
<h2>SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<div class="content"><em>git-rev-list</em> [ --max-count=number ]
[ --skip=number ]
[ --max-age=timestamp ]
[ --min-age=timestamp ]
[ --sparse ]
[ --no-merges ]
[ --remove-empty ]
[ --full-history ]
[ --not ]
[ --all ]
[ --stdin ]
[ --topo-order ]
[ --parents ]
[ --timestamp ]
[ --left-right ]
[ --cherry-pick ]
[ --encoding[=&lt;encoding&gt;] ]
[ --(author|committer|grep)=&lt;pattern&gt; ]
[ --regexp-ignore-case | \-i ]
[ --extended-regexp | \-E ]
[ --date={local|relative|default|iso|rfc|short} ]
[ [--objects | --objects-edge] [ --unpacked ] ]
[ --pretty | --header ]
[ --bisect ]
[ --bisect-vars ]
[ --merge ]
[ --reverse ]
[ --walk-reflogs ]
[ --no-walk ] [ --do-walk ]
&lt;commit&gt;&#8230; [ -- &lt;paths&gt;&#8230; ]</div></div>
</div>
<h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order starting at the
given commit(s), taking ancestry relationship into account. This is
useful to produce human-readable log output.</p>
<p>Commits which are stated with a preceding <em>&#94;</em> cause listing to
stop at that point. Their parents are implied. Thus the following
command:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt> $ git-rev-list foo bar ^baz</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p>means "list all the commits which are included in <em>foo</em> and <em>bar</em>, but
not in <em>baz</em>".</p>
<p>A special notation "<em>&lt;commit1&gt;</em>..<em>&lt;commit2&gt;</em>" can be used as a
short-hand for "&#94;<em>&lt;commit1&gt;</em> <em>&lt;commit2&gt;</em>". For example, either of
the following may be used interchangeably:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt> $ git-rev-list origin..HEAD
$ git-rev-list HEAD ^origin</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p>Another special notation is "<em>&lt;commit1&gt;</em>&#8230;<em>&lt;commit2&gt;</em>" which is useful
for merges. The resulting set of commits is the symmetric difference
between the two operands. The following two commands are equivalent:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt> $ git-rev-list A B --not $(git-merge-base --all A B)
$ git-rev-list A...B</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p><a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a> is a very essential git program, since it
provides the ability to build and traverse commit ancestry graphs. For
this reason, it has a lot of different options that enables it to be
used by commands as different as <a href="git-bisect.html">git-bisect(1)</a> and
<a href="git-repack.html">git-repack(1)</a>.</p>
</div>
<h2>OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<h3>Commit Formatting</h3>
<p>Using these options, <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a> will act similar to the
more specialized family of commit log tools: <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>,
<a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>, and <a href="git-whatchanged.html">git-whatchanged(1)</a></p>
<dl>
<dt>
--pretty[=<em>&lt;format&gt;</em>]
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
where <em>&lt;format&gt;</em> can be one of <em>oneline</em>, <em>short</em>, <em>medium</em>,
<em>full</em>, <em>fuller</em>, <em>email</em>, <em>raw</em> and <em>format:&lt;string&gt;</em>.
When omitted, the format defaults to <em>medium</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--abbrev-commit
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object
name, show only handful hexdigits prefix. Non default number of
digits can be specified with "--abbrev=&lt;n&gt;" (which also modifies
diff output, if it is displayed).
</p>
<p>This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
people using 80-column terminals.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--encoding[=&lt;encoding&gt;]
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message
in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the
command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding
preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this
defaults to UTF-8.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--relative-date
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Synonym for <tt>--date=relative</tt>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--date={relative,local,default,iso,rfc}
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such
as when using "--pretty".
</p>
<p><tt>--date=relative</tt> shows dates relative to the current time,
e.g. "2 hours ago".</p>
<p><tt>--date=local</tt> shows timestamps in user's local timezone.</p>
<p><tt>--date=iso</tt> (or <tt>--date=iso8601</tt>) shows timestamps in ISO 8601 format.</p>
<p><tt>--date=rfc</tt> (or <tt>--date=rfc2822</tt>) shows timestamps in RFC 2822
format, often found in E-mail messages.</p>
<p><tt>--date=short</tt> shows only date but not time, in <tt>YYYY-MM-DD</tt> format.</p>
<p><tt>--date=default</tt> shows timestamps in the original timezone
(either committer's or author's).</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--header
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is
separated with a NUL character.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--parents
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Print the parents of the commit.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--timestamp
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Print the raw commit timestamp.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--left-right
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Mark which side of a symmetric diff a commit is reachable from.
Commits from the left side are prefixed with <tt>&lt;</tt> and those from
the right with <tt>&gt;</tt>. If combined with <tt>--boundary</tt>, those
commits are prefixed with <tt>-</tt>.
</p>
<p>For example, if you have this topology:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt> y---b---b branch B
/ \ /
/ .
/ / \
o---x---a---a branch A</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p>you would get an output line this:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt> $ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B
&gt;bbbbbbb... 3rd on b
&gt;bbbbbbb... 2nd on b
&lt;aaaaaaa... 3rd on a
&lt;aaaaaaa... 2nd on a
-yyyyyyy... 1st on b
-xxxxxxx... 1st on a</tt></pre>
</div></div>
</dd>
</dl>
<h3>Diff Formatting</h3>
<p>Below are listed options that control the formatting of diff output.
Some of them are specific to <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>, however other diff
options may be given. See <a href="git-diff-files.html">git-diff-files(1)</a> for more options.</p>
<dl>
<dt>
-c
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This flag changes the way a merge commit is displayed. It shows
the differences from each of the parents to the merge result
simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent
and the result one at a time. Furthermore, it lists only files
which were modified from all parents.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--cc
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This flag implies the <em>-c</em> options and further compresses the
patch output by omitting hunks that show differences from only
one parent, or show the same change from all but one parent for
an Octopus merge.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-r
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Show recursive diffs.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-t
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies <em>-r</em>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<h3>Commit Limiting</h3>
<p>Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
special notations explained in the description, additional commit
limiting may be applied.</p>
<dl>
<dt>
-n <em>number</em>, --max-count=<em>number</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Limit the number of commits output.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--skip=<em>number</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Skip <em>number</em> commits before starting to show the commit output.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--since=<em>date</em>, --after=<em>date</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Show commits more recent than a specific date.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--until=<em>date</em>, --before=<em>date</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Show commits older than a specific date.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--max-age=<em>timestamp</em>, --min-age=<em>timestamp</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Limit the commits output to specified time range.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--author=<em>pattern</em>, --committer=<em>pattern</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer
header lines that match the specified pattern (regular expression).
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--grep=<em>pattern</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Limit the commits output to ones with log message that
matches the specified pattern (regular expression).
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-i, --regexp-ignore-case
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Match the regexp limiting patterns without regard to letters case.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-E, --extended-regexp
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
instead of the default basic regular expressions.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--remove-empty
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--full-history
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Show also parts of history irrelevant to current state of a given
path. This turns off history simplification, which removed merges
which didn't change anything at all at some child. It will still actually
simplify away merges that didn't change anything at all into either
child.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--no-merges
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Do not print commits with more than one parent.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--not
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Reverses the meaning of the <em>&#94;</em> prefix (or lack thereof)
for all following revision specifiers, up to the next <em>--not</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--all
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Pretend as if all the refs in <tt>$GIT_DIR/refs/</tt> are listed on the
command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--stdin
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
In addition to the <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em> listed on the command
line, read them from the standard input.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--cherry-pick
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Omit any commit that introduces the same change as
another commit on the "other side" when the set of
commits are limited with symmetric difference.<br />
For example, if you have two branches, <tt>A</tt> and <tt>B</tt>, a usual way
to list all commits on only one side of them is with
<tt>--left-right</tt>, like the example above in the description of
that option. It however shows the commits that were cherry-picked
from the other branch (for example, "3rd on b" may be cherry-picked
from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are
excluded from the output.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-g, --walk-reflogs
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk
reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.
When this option is used you cannot specify commits to
exclude (that is, <em>&#94;commit</em>, <em>commit1..commit2</em>,
nor <em>commit1&#8230;commit2</em> notations cannot be used).<br />
With <em>--pretty</em> format other than oneline (for obvious reasons),
this causes the output to have two extra lines of information
taken from the reflog. By default, <em>commit@{Nth}</em> notation is
used in the output. When the starting commit is specified as
instead. Under <em>--pretty=oneline</em>, the commit message is
prefixed with this information on the same line.
</p>
<p>Cannot be combined with <em>--reverse</em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--merge
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a
conflict and don't exist on all heads to merge.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--boundary
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Output uninteresting commits at the boundary, which are usually
not shown.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--dense, --sparse
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
When optional paths are given, the default behaviour (<em>--dense</em>) is to
only output commits that changes at least one of them, and also ignore
merges that do not touch the given paths.
</p>
<p>Use the <em>--sparse</em> flag to makes the command output all eligible commits
(still subject to count and age limitation), but apply merge
simplification nevertheless.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--bisect
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between
the included and excluded commits. Thus, if
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt> $ git-rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p>outputs <em>midpoint</em>, the output of the two commands</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt> $ git-rev-list foo ^midpoint
$ git-rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p>would be of roughly the same length. Finding the change which
introduces a regression is thus reduced to a binary search: repeatedly
generate and test new 'midpoint's until the commit chain is of length
one.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--bisect-vars
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This calculates the same as <tt>--bisect</tt>, but outputs text ready
to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the name of
the midpoint revision to the variable <tt>bisect_rev</tt>, and the
expected number of commits to be tested after <tt>bisect_rev</tt> is
tested to <tt>bisect_nr</tt>, the expected number of commits to be
tested if <tt>bisect_rev</tt> turns out to be good to <tt>bisect_good</tt>,
the expected number of commits to be tested if <tt>bisect_rev</tt>
turns out to be bad to <tt>bisect_bad</tt>, and the number of commits
we are bisecting right now to <tt>bisect_all</tt>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<h3>Commit Ordering</h3>
<p>By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order.</p>
<dl>
<dt>
--topo-order
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option makes them appear in topological order (i.e.
descendant commits are shown before their parents).
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--date-order
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option is similar to <em>--topo-order</em> in the sense that no
parent comes before all of its children, but otherwise things
are still ordered in the commit timestamp order.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--reverse
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Output the commits in reverse order.
Cannot be combined with <em>--walk-reflogs</em>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<h3>Object Traversal</h3>
<p>These options are mostly targeted for packing of git repositories.</p>
<dl>
<dt>
--objects
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed
commits. <em>git-rev-list --objects foo ^bar</em> thus means "send me
all object IDs which I need to download if I have the commit
object <em>bar</em>, but not <em>foo</em>".
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--objects-edge
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Similar to <em>--objects</em>, but also print the IDs of excluded
commits prefixed with a "-" character. This is used by
<a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a> to build "thin" pack, which records
objects in deltified form based on objects contained in these
excluded commits to reduce network traffic.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--unpacked
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Only useful with <em>--objects</em>; print the object IDs that are not
in packs.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--no-walk
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Only show the given revs, but do not traverse their ancestors.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
--do-walk
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Overrides a previous --no-walk.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<h2>PRETTY FORMATS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format
is not <em>oneline</em>, <em>email</em> or <em>raw</em>, an additional line is
inserted before the <em>Author:</em> line. This line begins with
"Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are printed,
separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
necessarily be the list of the <strong>direct</strong> parent commits if you
have limited your view of history: for example, if you are
only interested in changes related to a certain directory or
file.</p>
<p>Here are some additional details for each format:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>
<em>oneline</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>&lt;sha1&gt; &lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p>This is designed to be as compact as possible.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>short</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
Author: &lt;author&gt;</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>medium</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
Author: &lt;author&gt;
Date: &lt;date&gt;</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>full</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
Author: &lt;author&gt;
Commit: &lt;committer&gt;</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>fuller</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>commit &lt;sha1&gt;
Author: &lt;author&gt;
AuthorDate: &lt;date &amp; time&gt;
Commit: &lt;committer&gt;
CommitDate: &lt;date &amp; time&gt;</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>&lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>email</em>
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>From &lt;sha1&gt; &lt;date&gt;
From: &lt;author&gt;
Date: &lt;date &amp; time&gt;
Subject: [PATCH] &lt;title line&gt;</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>&lt;full commit message&gt;</tt></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>raw</em>
</p>
<p>The <em>raw</em> format shows the entire commit exactly as
stored in the commit object. Notably, the SHA1s are
displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
--no-abbrev are used, and <em>parents</em> information show the
true parent commits, without taking grafts nor history
simplification into account.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>format:</em>
</p>
<p>The <em>format:</em> format allows you to specify which information
you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format,
with the notable exception that you get a newline with <em>%n</em>
instead of <em>\n</em>.</p>
<p>E.g, <em>format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was &gt;&gt;%s&lt;&lt;%n"</em>
would show something like this:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><tt>The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
The title was &gt;&gt;t4119: test autocomputing -p&lt;n&gt; for traditional diff input.&lt;&lt;
</tt></pre>
</div></div>
<p>The placeholders are:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>
<em>%H</em>: commit hash
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%h</em>: abbreviated commit hash
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%T</em>: tree hash
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%t</em>: abbreviated tree hash
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%P</em>: parent hashes
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%p</em>: abbreviated parent hashes
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%an</em>: author name
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ae</em>: author email
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ad</em>: author date
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%aD</em>: author date, RFC2822 style
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ar</em>: author date, relative
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%at</em>: author date, UNIX timestamp
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ai</em>: author date, ISO 8601 format
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%cn</em>: committer name
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ce</em>: committer email
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%cd</em>: committer date
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%cD</em>: committer date, RFC2822 style
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%cr</em>: committer date, relative
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ct</em>: committer date, UNIX timestamp
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%ci</em>: committer date, ISO 8601 format
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%e</em>: encoding
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%s</em>: subject
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%b</em>: body
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%Cred</em>: switch color to red
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%Cgreen</em>: switch color to green
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%Cblue</em>: switch color to blue
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%Creset</em>: reset color
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%m</em>: left, right or boundary mark
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<em>%n</em>: newline
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2>Author</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>Written by Linus Torvalds &lt;torvalds@osdl.org&gt;</p>
</div>
<h2>Documentation</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano, Jonas Fonseca
and the git-list &lt;git@vger.kernel.org&gt;.</p>
</div>
<h2>GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(7)</a> suite</p>
</div>
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<div id="footer-text">
Last updated 25-Aug-2007 03:53:13 UTC
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