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| <title>git-rev-list(1)</title> | |
| </head> | |
| <body> | |
| <div id="header"> | |
| <h1> | |
| git-rev-list(1) Manual Page | |
| </h1> | |
| <h2>NAME</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <p>git-rev-list - | |
| Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order | |
| </p> | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| <h2>SYNOPSIS</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="verseblock"> | |
| <div class="content"><em>git-rev-list</em> [ --max-count=number ] | |
| [ --skip=number ] | |
| [ --max-age=timestamp ] | |
| [ --min-age=timestamp ] | |
| [ --sparse ] | |
| [ --no-merges ] | |
| [ --first-parent ] | |
| [ --remove-empty ] | |
| [ --full-history ] | |
| [ --not ] | |
| [ --all ] | |
| [ --branches ] | |
| [ --tags ] | |
| [ --remotes ] | |
| [ --stdin ] | |
| [ --quiet ] | |
| [ --topo-order ] | |
| [ --parents ] | |
| [ --timestamp ] | |
| [ --left-right ] | |
| [ --cherry-pick ] | |
| [ --encoding[=<encoding>] ] | |
| [ --(author|committer|grep)=<pattern> ] | |
| [ --regexp-ignore-case | -i ] | |
| [ --extended-regexp | -E ] | |
| [ --fixed-strings | -F ] | |
| [ --date={local|relative|default|iso|rfc|short} ] | |
| [ [--objects | --objects-edge] [ --unpacked ] ] | |
| [ --pretty | --header ] | |
| [ --bisect ] | |
| [ --bisect-vars ] | |
| [ --bisect-all ] | |
| [ --merge ] | |
| [ --reverse ] | |
| [ --walk-reflogs ] | |
| [ --no-walk ] [ --do-walk ] | |
| <commit>… [ -- <paths>… ]</div></div> | |
| </div> | |
| <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order starting at the | |
| given commit(s), taking ancestry relationship into account. This is | |
| useful to produce human-readable log output.</p></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Commits which are stated with a preceding <em>^</em> cause listing to | |
| stop at that point. Their parents are implied. Thus the following | |
| command:</p></div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt> $ git rev-list foo bar ^baz</tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>means "list all the commits which are included in <em>foo</em> and <em>bar</em>, but | |
| not in <em>baz</em>".</p></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>A special notation "<em><commit1></em>..<em><commit2></em>" can be used as a | |
| short-hand for "^<em><commit1></em> <em><commit2></em>". For example, either of | |
| the following may be used interchangeably:</p></div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt> $ git rev-list origin..HEAD | |
| $ git rev-list HEAD ^origin</tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Another special notation is "<em><commit1></em>…<em><commit2></em>" which is useful | |
| for merges. The resulting set of commits is the symmetric difference | |
| between the two operands. The following two commands are equivalent:</p></div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt> $ git rev-list A B --not $(git merge-base --all A B) | |
| $ git rev-list A...B</tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p><em>git-rev-list</em> is a very essential git program, since it | |
| provides the ability to build and traverse commit ancestry graphs. For | |
| this reason, it has a lot of different options that enables it to be | |
| used by commands as different as <em>git-bisect</em> and | |
| <em>git-repack</em>.</p></div> | |
| </div> | |
| <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <h3 id="_commit_formatting">Commit Formatting</h3><div style="clear:left"></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Using these options, <a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a> will act similar to the | |
| more specialized family of commit log tools: <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>, | |
| <a href="git-show.html">git-show(1)</a>, and <a href="git-whatchanged.html">git-whatchanged(1)</a></p></div> | |
| <div class="vlist"><dl> | |
| <dt> | |
| --pretty[=<em><format></em>] | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format, | |
| where <em><format></em> can be one of <em>oneline</em>, <em>short</em>, <em>medium</em>, | |
| <em>full</em>, <em>fuller</em>, <em>email</em>, <em>raw</em> and <em>format:<string></em>. | |
| When omitted, the format defaults to <em>medium</em>. | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository | |
| configuration (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p></div> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --abbrev-commit | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object | |
| name, show only handful hexdigits prefix. Non default number of | |
| digits can be specified with "--abbrev=<n>" (which also modifies | |
| diff output, if it is displayed). | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="para"><p>This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for | |
| people using 80-column terminals.</p></div> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --encoding[=<encoding>] | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message | |
| in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the | |
| command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding | |
| preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this | |
| defaults to UTF-8. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --relative-date | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Synonym for <tt>--date=relative</tt>. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --date={relative,local,default,iso,rfc,short} | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such | |
| as when using "--pretty". <tt>log.date</tt> config variable sets a default | |
| value for log command's --date option. | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="para"><p><tt>--date=relative</tt> shows dates relative to the current time, | |
| e.g. "2 hours ago".</p></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p><tt>--date=local</tt> shows timestamps in user's local timezone.</p></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p><tt>--date=iso</tt> (or <tt>--date=iso8601</tt>) shows timestamps in ISO 8601 format.</p></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p><tt>--date=rfc</tt> (or <tt>--date=rfc2822</tt>) shows timestamps in RFC 2822 | |
| format, often found in E-mail messages.</p></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p><tt>--date=short</tt> shows only date but not time, in <tt>YYYY-MM-DD</tt> format.</p></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p><tt>--date=default</tt> shows timestamps in the original timezone | |
| (either committer's or author's).</p></div> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --header | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is | |
| separated with a NUL character. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --parents | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Print the parents of the commit. Also enables parent | |
| rewriting, see <em>History Simplification</em> below. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --children | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Print the children of the commit. Also enables parent | |
| rewriting, see <em>History Simplification</em> below. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --timestamp | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Print the raw commit timestamp. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --left-right | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Mark which side of a symmetric diff a commit is reachable from. | |
| Commits from the left side are prefixed with <tt><</tt> and those from | |
| the right with <tt>></tt>. If combined with <tt>--boundary</tt>, those | |
| commits are prefixed with <tt>-</tt>. | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="para"><p>For example, if you have this topology:</p></div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt> y---b---b branch B | |
| / \ / | |
| / . | |
| / / \ | |
| o---x---a---a branch A</tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>you would get an output like this:</p></div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt> $ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B | |
| >bbbbbbb... 3rd on b | |
| >bbbbbbb... 2nd on b | |
| <aaaaaaa... 3rd on a | |
| <aaaaaaa... 2nd on a | |
| -yyyyyyy... 1st on b | |
| -xxxxxxx... 1st on a</tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --graph | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Draw a text-based graphical representation of the commit history | |
| on the left hand side of the output. This may cause extra lines | |
| to be printed in between commits, in order for the graph history | |
| to be drawn properly. | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="para"><p>This implies the <em>--topo-order</em> option by default, but the | |
| <em>--date-order</em> option may also be specified.</p></div> | |
| </dd> | |
| </dl></div> | |
| <h3 id="_commit_limiting">Commit Limiting</h3><div style="clear:left"></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the | |
| special notations explained in the description, additional commit | |
| limiting may be applied.</p></div> | |
| <div class="vlist"><dl> | |
| <dt> | |
| -n <em>number</em> | |
| </dt> | |
| <dt> | |
| --max-count=<em>number</em> | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Limit the number of commits output. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --skip=<em>number</em> | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Skip <em>number</em> commits before starting to show the commit output. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --since=<em>date</em> | |
| </dt> | |
| <dt> | |
| --after=<em>date</em> | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Show commits more recent than a specific date. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --until=<em>date</em> | |
| </dt> | |
| <dt> | |
| --before=<em>date</em> | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Show commits older than a specific date. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --max-age=<em>timestamp</em> | |
| </dt> | |
| <dt> | |
| --min-age=<em>timestamp</em> | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Limit the commits output to specified time range. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --author=<em>pattern</em> | |
| </dt> | |
| <dt> | |
| --committer=<em>pattern</em> | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer | |
| header lines that match the specified pattern (regular expression). | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --grep=<em>pattern</em> | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Limit the commits output to ones with log message that | |
| matches the specified pattern (regular expression). | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --all-match | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Limit the commits output to ones that match all given --grep, | |
| --author and --committer instead of ones that match at least one. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| -i | |
| </dt> | |
| <dt> | |
| --regexp-ignore-case | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Match the regexp limiting patterns without regard to letters case. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| -E | |
| </dt> | |
| <dt> | |
| --extended-regexp | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions | |
| instead of the default basic regular expressions. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| -F | |
| </dt> | |
| <dt> | |
| --fixed-strings | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don't interpret | |
| pattern as a regular expression). | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --remove-empty | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Stop when a given path disappears from the tree. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --no-merges | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Do not print commits with more than one parent. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --first-parent | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge | |
| commit. This option can give a better overview when | |
| viewing the evolution of a particular topic branch, | |
| because merges into a topic branch tend to be only about | |
| adjusting to updated upstream from time to time, and | |
| this option allows you to ignore the individual commits | |
| brought in to your history by such a merge. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --not | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Reverses the meaning of the <em>^</em> prefix (or lack thereof) | |
| for all following revision specifiers, up to the next <em>--not</em>. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --all | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Pretend as if all the refs in <tt>$GIT_DIR/refs/</tt> are listed on the | |
| command line as <em><commit></em>. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --branches | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Pretend as if all the refs in <tt>$GIT_DIR/refs/heads</tt> are listed | |
| on the command line as <em><commit></em>. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --tags | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Pretend as if all the refs in <tt>$GIT_DIR/refs/tags</tt> are listed | |
| on the command line as <em><commit></em>. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --remotes | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Pretend as if all the refs in <tt>$GIT_DIR/refs/remotes</tt> are listed | |
| on the command line as <em><commit></em>. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --stdin | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| In addition to the <em><commit></em> listed on the command | |
| line, read them from the standard input. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --quiet | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Don't print anything to standard output. This form | |
| is primarily meant to allow the caller to | |
| test the exit status to see if a range of objects is fully | |
| connected (or not). It is faster than redirecting stdout | |
| to /dev/null as the output does not have to be formatted. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --cherry-pick | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Omit any commit that introduces the same change as | |
| another commit on the "other side" when the set of | |
| commits are limited with symmetric difference.<br /> | |
| For example, if you have two branches, <tt>A</tt> and <tt>B</tt>, a usual way | |
| to list all commits on only one side of them is with | |
| <tt>--left-right</tt>, like the example above in the description of | |
| that option. It however shows the commits that were cherry-picked | |
| from the other branch (for example, "3rd on b" may be cherry-picked | |
| from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are | |
| excluded from the output. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| -g | |
| </dt> | |
| <dt> | |
| --walk-reflogs | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk | |
| reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones. | |
| When this option is used you cannot specify commits to | |
| exclude (that is, <em>^commit</em>, <em>commit1..commit2</em>, | |
| nor <em>commit1…commit2</em> notations cannot be used).<br /> | |
| With <em>--pretty</em> format other than oneline (for obvious reasons), | |
| this causes the output to have two extra lines of information | |
| taken from the reflog. By default, <em>commit@{Nth}</em> notation is | |
| used in the output. When the starting commit is specified as | |
| <em>commit@{now}</em>, output also uses <em>commit@{timestamp}</em> notation | |
| instead. Under <em>--pretty=oneline</em>, the commit message is | |
| prefixed with this information on the same line. | |
| This option cannot be combined with <em>--reverse</em>. | |
| See also <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --merge | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a | |
| conflict and don't exist on all heads to merge. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --boundary | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Output uninteresting commits at the boundary, which are usually | |
| not shown. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| </dl></div> | |
| <h3 id="_history_simplification">History Simplification</h3><div style="clear:left"></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example the | |
| commits modifying a particular <path>. But there are two parts of | |
| <em>History Simplification</em>, one part is selecting the commits and the other | |
| is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the history.</p></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>The following options select the commits to be shown:</p></div> | |
| <div class="vlist"><dl> | |
| <dt> | |
| <paths> | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Commits modifying the given <paths> are selected. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --simplify-by-decoration | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| </dl></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.</p></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:</p></div> | |
| <div class="vlist"><dl> | |
| <dt> | |
| Default mode | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the | |
| final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side | |
| branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches | |
| with the same content) | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --full-history | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| As the default mode but does not prune some history. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --dense | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a | |
| meaningful history. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --sparse | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| All commits in the simplified history are shown. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --simplify-merges | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Additional option to <em>--full-history</em> to remove some needless | |
| merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected | |
| commits contributing to this merge. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| </dl></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>A more detailed explanation follows.</p></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Suppose you specified <tt>foo</tt> as the <paths>. We shall call commits | |
| that modify <tt>foo</tt> !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME. (In a diff | |
| filtered for <tt>foo</tt>, they look different and equal, respectively.)</p></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to | |
| illustrate the differences between simplification settings. We assume | |
| that you are filtering for a file <tt>foo</tt> in this commit graph:</p></div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt> .-A---M---N---O---P | |
| / / / / / | |
| I B C D E | |
| \ / / / / | |
| `-------------'</tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>The horizontal line of history A--P is taken to be the first parent of | |
| each merge. The commits are:</p></div> | |
| <div class="ilist"><ul> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <tt>I</tt> is the initial commit, in which <tt>foo</tt> exists with contents | |
| "asdf", and a file <tt>quux</tt> exists with contents "quux". Initial | |
| commits are compared to an empty tree, so <tt>I</tt> is !TREESAME. | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| In <tt>A</tt>, <tt>foo</tt> contains just "foo". | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <tt>B</tt> contains the same change as <tt>A</tt>. Its merge <tt>M</tt> is trivial and | |
| hence TREESAME to all parents. | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <tt>C</tt> does not change <tt>foo</tt>, but its merge <tt>N</tt> changes it to "foobar", | |
| so it is not TREESAME to any parent. | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <tt>D</tt> sets <tt>foo</tt> to "baz". Its merge <tt>O</tt> combines the strings from | |
| <tt>N</tt> and <tt>D</tt> to "foobarbaz"; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent. | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <tt>E</tt> changes <tt>quux</tt> to "xyzzy", and its merge <tt>P</tt> combines the | |
| strings to "quux xyzzy". Despite appearing interesting, <tt>P</tt> is | |
| TREESAME to all parents. | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| </ul></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p><em>rev-list</em> walks backwards through history, including or excluding | |
| commits based on whether <em>--full-history</em> and/or parent rewriting | |
| (via <em>--parents</em> or <em>--children</em>) are used. The following settings | |
| are available.</p></div> | |
| <div class="vlist"><dl> | |
| <dt> | |
| Default mode | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent | |
| (though this can be changed, see <em>--sparse</em> below). If the | |
| commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow | |
| only that parent. (Even if there are several TREESAME | |
| parents, follow only one of them.) Otherwise, follow all | |
| parents. | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="para"><p>This results in:</p></div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt> .-A---N---O | |
| / / | |
| I---------D</tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is | |
| available, removed <tt>B</tt> from consideration entirely. <tt>C</tt> was | |
| considered via <tt>N</tt>, but is TREESAME. Root commits are compared to an | |
| empty tree, so <tt>I</tt> is !TREESAME.</p></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Parent/child relations are only visible with --parents, but that does | |
| not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the | |
| parent lines.</p></div> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --full-history without parent rewriting | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow | |
| all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them. | |
| Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are | |
| included, this does not imply that the merge itself is! In | |
| the example, we get | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt> I A B N D O</tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p><tt>P</tt> and <tt>M</tt> were excluded because they are TREESAME to a parent. <tt>E</tt>, | |
| <tt>C</tt> and <tt>B</tt> were all walked, but only <tt>B</tt> was !TREESAME, so the others | |
| do not appear.</p></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to talk | |
| about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show | |
| them disconnected.</p></div> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --full-history with parent rewriting | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME | |
| (though this can be changed, see <em>--sparse</em> below). | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Merges are always included. However, their parent list is rewritten: | |
| Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included | |
| themselves. This results in</p></div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt> .-A---M---N---O---P | |
| / / / / / | |
| I B / D / | |
| \ / / / / | |
| `-------------'</tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Compare to <em>--full-history</em> without rewriting above. Note that <tt>E</tt> | |
| was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was | |
| rewritten to contain <tt>E</tt>'s parent <tt>I</tt>. The same happened for <tt>C</tt> and | |
| <tt>N</tt>. Note also that <tt>P</tt> was included despite being TREESAME.</p></div> | |
| </dd> | |
| </dl></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME | |
| affects inclusion:</p></div> | |
| <div class="vlist"><dl> | |
| <dt> | |
| --dense | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME | |
| to any parent. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --sparse | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| All commits that are walked are included. | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Note that without <em>--full-history</em>, this still simplifies merges: if | |
| one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other | |
| sides of the merge are never walked.</p></div> | |
| </dd> | |
| </dl></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Finally, there is a fourth simplification mode available:</p></div> | |
| <div class="vlist"><dl> | |
| <dt> | |
| --simplify-merges | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| First, build a history graph in the same way that | |
| <em>--full-history</em> with parent rewriting does (see above). | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Then simplify each commit <tt>C</tt> to its replacement <tt>C'</tt> in the final | |
| history according to the following rules:</p></div> | |
| <div class="ilist"><ul> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| Set <tt>C'</tt> to <tt>C</tt>.<br /> | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| Replace each parent <tt>P</tt> of <tt>C'</tt> with its simplification <tt>P'</tt>. In | |
| the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents, and | |
| remove duplicates.<br /> | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| If after this parent rewriting, <tt>C'</tt> is a root or merge commit (has | |
| zero or >1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it remains. | |
| Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent. | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| </ul></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to | |
| <em>--full-history</em> with parent rewriting. The example turns into:</p></div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt> .-A---M---N---O | |
| / / / | |
| I B D | |
| \ / / | |
| `---------'</tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Note the major differences in <tt>N</tt> and <tt>P</tt> over <em>--full-history</em>:</p></div> | |
| <div class="ilist"><ul> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <tt>N</tt>'s parent list had <tt>I</tt> removed, because it is an ancestor of the | |
| other parent <tt>M</tt>. Still, <tt>N</tt> remained because it is !TREESAME.<br /> | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <tt>P</tt>'s parent list similarly had <tt>I</tt> removed. <tt>P</tt> was then | |
| removed completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME. | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| </ul></div> | |
| </dd> | |
| </dl></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>The <em>--simplify-by-decoration</em> option allows you to view only the | |
| big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits | |
| that are not referenced by tags. Commits are marked as !TREESAME | |
| (in other words, kept after history simplification rules described | |
| above) if (1) they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the | |
| contents of the paths given on the command line. All other | |
| commits are marked as TREESAME (subject to be simplified away).</p></div> | |
| <h3 id="_bisection_helpers">Bisection Helpers</h3><div style="clear:left"></div> | |
| <div class="vlist"><dl> | |
| <dt> | |
| --bisect | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between | |
| the included and excluded commits. Thus, if | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| </dl></div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt> $ git rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz</tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>outputs <em>midpoint</em>, the output of the two commands</p></div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt> $ git rev-list foo ^midpoint | |
| $ git rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz</tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>would be of roughly the same length. Finding the change which | |
| introduces a regression is thus reduced to a binary search: repeatedly | |
| generate and test new 'midpoint's until the commit chain is of length | |
| one.</p></div> | |
| <div class="vlist"><dl> | |
| <dt> | |
| --bisect-vars | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| This calculates the same as <tt>--bisect</tt>, but outputs text ready | |
| to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the name of | |
| the midpoint revision to the variable <tt>bisect_rev</tt>, and the | |
| expected number of commits to be tested after <tt>bisect_rev</tt> is | |
| tested to <tt>bisect_nr</tt>, the expected number of commits to be | |
| tested if <tt>bisect_rev</tt> turns out to be good to <tt>bisect_good</tt>, | |
| the expected number of commits to be tested if <tt>bisect_rev</tt> | |
| turns out to be bad to <tt>bisect_bad</tt>, and the number of commits | |
| we are bisecting right now to <tt>bisect_all</tt>. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --bisect-all | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| This outputs all the commit objects between the included and excluded | |
| commits, ordered by their distance to the included and excluded | |
| commits. The farthest from them is displayed first. (This is the only | |
| one displayed by <tt>--bisect</tt>.) | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| </dl></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>This is useful because it makes it easy to choose a good commit to | |
| test when you want to avoid to test some of them for some reason (they | |
| may not compile for example).</p></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>This option can be used along with <tt>--bisect-vars</tt>, in this case, | |
| after all the sorted commit objects, there will be the same text as if | |
| <tt>--bisect-vars</tt> had been used alone.</p></div> | |
| <h3 id="_commit_ordering">Commit Ordering</h3><div style="clear:left"></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order.</p></div> | |
| <div class="vlist"><dl> | |
| <dt> | |
| --topo-order | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| This option makes them appear in topological order (i.e. | |
| descendant commits are shown before their parents). | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --date-order | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| This option is similar to <em>--topo-order</em> in the sense that no | |
| parent comes before all of its children, but otherwise things | |
| are still ordered in the commit timestamp order. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --reverse | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Output the commits in reverse order. | |
| Cannot be combined with <em>--walk-reflogs</em>. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| </dl></div> | |
| <h3 id="_object_traversal">Object Traversal</h3><div style="clear:left"></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>These options are mostly targeted for packing of git repositories.</p></div> | |
| <div class="vlist"><dl> | |
| <dt> | |
| --objects | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed | |
| commits. <em>--objects foo ^bar</em> thus means "send me | |
| all object IDs which I need to download if I have the commit | |
| object <em>bar</em>, but not <em>foo</em>". | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --objects-edge | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Similar to <em>--objects</em>, but also print the IDs of excluded | |
| commits prefixed with a "-" character. This is used by | |
| <a href="git-pack-objects.html">git-pack-objects(1)</a> to build "thin" pack, which records | |
| objects in deltified form based on objects contained in these | |
| excluded commits to reduce network traffic. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --unpacked | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Only useful with <em>--objects</em>; print the object IDs that are not | |
| in packs. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --no-walk | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Only show the given revs, but do not traverse their ancestors. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| <dt> | |
| --do-walk | |
| </dt> | |
| <dd> | |
| <p> | |
| Overrides a previous --no-walk. | |
| </p> | |
| </dd> | |
| </dl></div> | |
| </div> | |
| <h2 id="_pretty_formats">PRETTY FORMATS</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="para"><p>If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format | |
| is not <em>oneline</em>, <em>email</em> or <em>raw</em>, an additional line is | |
| inserted before the <em>Author:</em> line. This line begins with | |
| "Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are printed, | |
| separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not | |
| necessarily be the list of the <strong>direct</strong> parent commits if you | |
| have limited your view of history: for example, if you are | |
| only interested in changes related to a certain directory or | |
| file.</p></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Here are some additional details for each format:</p></div> | |
| <div class="ilist"><ul> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>oneline</em> | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt><sha1> <title line></tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>This is designed to be as compact as possible.</p></div> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>short</em> | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt>commit <sha1> | |
| Author: <author></tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt><title line></tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>medium</em> | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt>commit <sha1> | |
| Author: <author> | |
| Date: <author date></tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt><title line></tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt><full commit message></tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>full</em> | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt>commit <sha1> | |
| Author: <author> | |
| Commit: <committer></tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt><title line></tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt><full commit message></tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>fuller</em> | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt>commit <sha1> | |
| Author: <author> | |
| AuthorDate: <author date> | |
| Commit: <committer> | |
| CommitDate: <committer date></tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt><title line></tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt><full commit message></tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>email</em> | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt>From <sha1> <date> | |
| From: <author> | |
| Date: <author date> | |
| Subject: [PATCH] <title line></tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="literalblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt><full commit message></tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>raw</em> | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="para"><p>The <em>raw</em> format shows the entire commit exactly as | |
| stored in the commit object. Notably, the SHA1s are | |
| displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or | |
| --no-abbrev are used, and <em>parents</em> information show the | |
| true parent commits, without taking grafts nor history | |
| simplification into account.</p></div> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>format:</em> | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="para"><p>The <em>format:</em> format allows you to specify which information | |
| you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format, | |
| with the notable exception that you get a newline with <em>%n</em> | |
| instead of <em>\n</em>.</p></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>E.g, <em>format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n"</em> | |
| would show something like this:</p></div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt>The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago | |
| The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<< | |
| </tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| <div class="para"><p>The placeholders are:</p></div> | |
| <div class="ilist"><ul> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%H</em>: commit hash | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%h</em>: abbreviated commit hash | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%T</em>: tree hash | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%t</em>: abbreviated tree hash | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%P</em>: parent hashes | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%p</em>: abbreviated parent hashes | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%an</em>: author name | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%aN</em>: author name (respecting .mailmap) | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%ae</em>: author email | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%ad</em>: author date (format respects --date= option) | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%aD</em>: author date, RFC2822 style | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%ar</em>: author date, relative | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%at</em>: author date, UNIX timestamp | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%ai</em>: author date, ISO 8601 format | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%cn</em>: committer name | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%cN</em>: committer name (respecting .mailmap) | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%ce</em>: committer email | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%cd</em>: committer date | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%cD</em>: committer date, RFC2822 style | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%cr</em>: committer date, relative | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%ct</em>: committer date, UNIX timestamp | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%ci</em>: committer date, ISO 8601 format | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%d</em>: ref names, like the --decorate option of <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a> | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%e</em>: encoding | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%s</em>: subject | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%b</em>: body | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%Cred</em>: switch color to red | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%Cgreen</em>: switch color to green | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%Cblue</em>: switch color to blue | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%Creset</em>: reset color | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%m</em>: left, right or boundary mark | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%n</em>: newline | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>%x00</em>: print a byte from a hex code | |
| </p> | |
| </li> | |
| </ul></div> | |
| </li> | |
| <li> | |
| <p> | |
| <em>tformat:</em> | |
| </p> | |
| <div class="para"><p>The <em>tformat:</em> format works exactly like <em>format:</em>, except that it | |
| provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics. In | |
| other words, each commit has the message terminator character (usually a | |
| newline) appended, rather than a separator placed between entries. | |
| This means that the final entry of a single-line format will be properly | |
| terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does. | |
| For example:</p></div> | |
| <div class="listingblock"> | |
| <div class="content"> | |
| <pre><tt>$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \ | |
| | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/' | |
| 4da45be | |
| 7134973 -- NO NEWLINE | |
| $ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \ | |
| | perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/' | |
| 4da45be | |
| 7134973</tt></pre> | |
| </div></div> | |
| </li> | |
| </ul></div> | |
| </div> | |
| <h2 id="_author">Author</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org></p></div> | |
| </div> | |
| <h2 id="_documentation">Documentation</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano, Jonas Fonseca | |
| and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.</p></div> | |
| </div> | |
| <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2> | |
| <div class="sectionbody"> | |
| <div class="para"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div> | |
| </div> | |
| <div id="footer"> | |
| <div id="footer-text"> | |
| Last updated 2008-12-19 21:37:56 UTC | |
| </div> | |
| </div> | |
| </body> | |
| </html> |