cvs-migration.html - external/gitster/git-htmldocs - Git at Google

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 </style>
 <title>git for CVS users</title>
 </head>
 <body>
 <div id="header">
 <h1>git for CVS users</h1>
 </div>
 <div id="preamble">
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>Git differs from CVS in that every working tree contains a repository with
 a full copy of the project history, and no repository is inherently more
 important than any other. However, you can emulate the CVS model by
 designating a single shared repository which people can synchronize with;
 this document explains how to do that.</p>
 <p>Some basic familiarity with git is required. This
 <a href="tutorial.html">tutorial introduction to git</a> should be sufficient.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <h2>Developing against a shared repository</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>Suppose a shared repository is set up in /pub/repo.git on the host
 foo.com. Then as an individual committer you can clone the shared
 repository over ssh with:</p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>$ git clone foo.com:/pub/repo.git/ my-project
 $ cd my-project</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <p>and hack away. The equivalent of <tt>cvs update</tt> is</p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>$ git pull origin</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <p>which merges in any work that others might have done since the clone
 operation. If there are uncommitted changes in your working tree, commit
 them first before running git pull.</p>
 <div class="admonitionblock">
 <table><tr>
 <td class="icon">
 <div class="title">Note</div>
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 <p>The <tt>pull</tt> command knows where to get updates from because of certain
 configuration variables that were set by the first <tt>git clone</tt>
 command; see <tt>git config -l</tt> and the <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> man
 page for details.</p>
 </td>
 </tr></table>
 </div>
 <p>You can update the shared repository with your changes by first committing
 your changes, and then using the <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a> command:</p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>$ git push origin master</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <p>to "push" those commits to the shared repository. If someone else has
 updated the repository more recently, <tt>git push</tt>, like <tt>cvs commit</tt>, will
 complain, in which case you must pull any changes before attempting the
 push again.</p>
 <p>In the <tt>git push</tt> command above we specify the name of the remote branch
 to update (<tt>master</tt>). If we leave that out, <tt>git push</tt> tries to update
 any branches in the remote repository that have the same name as a branch
 in the local repository. So the last <tt>push</tt> can be done with either of:</p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>$ git push origin
 $ git push foo.com:/pub/project.git/</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <p>as long as the shared repository does not have any branches
 other than <tt>master</tt>.</p>
 </div>
 <h2>Setting Up a Shared Repository</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>We assume you have already created a git repository for your project,
 possibly created from scratch or from a tarball (see the
 <a href="tutorial.html">tutorial</a>), or imported from an already existing CVS
 repository (see the next section).</p>
 <p>Assume your existing repo is at /home/alice/myproject. Create a new "bare"
 repository (a repository without a working tree) and fetch your project into
 it:</p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>$ mkdir /pub/my-repo.git
 $ cd /pub/my-repo.git
 $ git --bare init --shared
 $ git --bare fetch /home/alice/myproject master:master</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <p>Next, give every team member read/write access to this repository. One
 easy way to do this is to give all the team members ssh access to the
 machine where the repository is hosted. If you don't want to give them a
 full shell on the machine, there is a restricted shell which only allows
 users to do git pushes and pulls; see <a href="git-shell.html">git-shell(1)</a>.</p>
 <p>Put all the committers in the same group, and make the repository
 writable by that group:</p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>$ chgrp -R $group /pub/my-repo.git</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <p>Make sure committers have a umask of at most 027, so that the directories
 they create are writable and searchable by other group members.</p>
 </div>
 <h2>Importing a CVS archive</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>First, install version 2.1 or higher of cvsps from
 <a href="http://www.cobite.com/cvsps/">http://www.cobite.com/cvsps/</a> and make
 sure it is in your path. Then cd to a checked out CVS working directory
 of the project you are interested in and run <a href="git-cvsimport.html">git-cvsimport(1)</a>:</p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre><tt>$ git cvsimport -C &lt;destination&gt; &lt;module&gt;</tt></pre>
 </div></div>
 <p>This puts a git archive of the named CVS module in the directory
 &lt;destination&gt;, which will be created if necessary.</p>
 <p>The import checks out from CVS every revision of every file. Reportedly
 cvsimport can average some twenty revisions per second, so for a
 medium-sized project this should not take more than a couple of minutes.
 Larger projects or remote repositories may take longer.</p>
 <p>The main trunk is stored in the git branch named <tt>origin</tt>, and additional
 CVS branches are stored in git branches with the same names. The most
 recent version of the main trunk is also left checked out on the <tt>master</tt>
 branch, so you can start adding your own changes right away.</p>
 <p>The import is incremental, so if you call it again next month it will
 fetch any CVS updates that have been made in the meantime. For this to
 work, you must not modify the imported branches; instead, create new
 branches for your own changes, and merge in the imported branches as
 necessary.</p>
 </div>
 <h2>Advanced Shared Repository Management</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>Git allows you to specify scripts called "hooks" to be run at certain
 points. You can use these, for example, to send all commits to the shared
 repository to a mailing list. See <a href="hooks.html">Hooks used by git</a>.</p>
 <p>You can enforce finer grained permissions using update hooks. See
 <a href="howto/update-hook-example.txt">Controlling access to branches using
 update hooks</a>.</p>
 </div>
 <h2>Providing CVS Access to a git Repository</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>It is also possible to provide true CVS access to a git repository, so
 that developers can still use CVS; see <a href="git-cvsserver.html">git-cvsserver(1)</a> for
 details.</p>
 </div>
 <h2>Alternative Development Models</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <p>CVS users are accustomed to giving a group of developers commit access to
 a common repository. As we've seen, this is also possible with git.
 However, the distributed nature of git allows other development models,
 and you may want to first consider whether one of them might be a better
 fit for your project.</p>
 <p>For example, you can choose a single person to maintain the project's
 primary public repository. Other developers then clone this repository
 and each work in their own clone. When they have a series of changes that
 they're happy with, they ask the maintainer to pull from the branch
 containing the changes. The maintainer reviews their changes and pulls
 them into the primary repository, which other developers pull from as
 necessary to stay coordinated. The Linux kernel and other projects use
 variants of this model.</p>
 <p>With a small group, developers may just pull changes from each other's
 repositories without the need for a central maintainer.</p>
 </div>
 <div id="footer">
 <div id="footer-text">
 Last updated 07-Jan-2008 07:51:08 UTC
 </div>
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	</style>
	<title>git for CVS users</title>
	</head>
	<body>
	<div id="header">
	<h1>git for CVS users</h1>
	</div>
	<div id="preamble">
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>Git differs from CVS in that every working tree contains a repository with
	a full copy of the project history, and no repository is inherently more
	important than any other. However, you can emulate the CVS model by
	designating a single shared repository which people can synchronize with;
	this document explains how to do that.</p>
	<p>Some basic familiarity with git is required. This
	<a href="tutorial.html">tutorial introduction to git</a> should be sufficient.</p>
	</div>
	</div>
	<h2>Developing against a shared repository</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>Suppose a shared repository is set up in /pub/repo.git on the host
	foo.com. Then as an individual committer you can clone the shared
	repository over ssh with:</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>$ git clone foo.com:/pub/repo.git/ my-project
	$ cd my-project</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<p>and hack away. The equivalent of <tt>cvs update</tt> is</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>$ git pull origin</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<p>which merges in any work that others might have done since the clone
	operation. If there are uncommitted changes in your working tree, commit
	them first before running git pull.</p>
	<div class="admonitionblock">
	<table><tr>
	<td class="icon">
	<div class="title">Note</div>
	</td>
	<td class="content">
	<p>The <tt>pull</tt> command knows where to get updates from because of certain
	configuration variables that were set by the first <tt>git clone</tt>
	command; see <tt>git config -l</tt> and the <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> man
	page for details.</p>
	</td>
	</tr></table>
	</div>
	<p>You can update the shared repository with your changes by first committing
	your changes, and then using the <a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a> command:</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>$ git push origin master</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<p>to "push" those commits to the shared repository. If someone else has
	updated the repository more recently, <tt>git push</tt>, like <tt>cvs commit</tt>, will
	complain, in which case you must pull any changes before attempting the
	push again.</p>
	<p>In the <tt>git push</tt> command above we specify the name of the remote branch
	to update (<tt>master</tt>). If we leave that out, <tt>git push</tt> tries to update
	any branches in the remote repository that have the same name as a branch
	in the local repository. So the last <tt>push</tt> can be done with either of:</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>$ git push origin
	$ git push foo.com:/pub/project.git/</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<p>as long as the shared repository does not have any branches
	other than <tt>master</tt>.</p>
	</div>
	<h2>Setting Up a Shared Repository</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>We assume you have already created a git repository for your project,
	possibly created from scratch or from a tarball (see the
	<a href="tutorial.html">tutorial</a>), or imported from an already existing CVS
	repository (see the next section).</p>
	<p>Assume your existing repo is at /home/alice/myproject. Create a new "bare"
	repository (a repository without a working tree) and fetch your project into
	it:</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>$ mkdir /pub/my-repo.git
	$ cd /pub/my-repo.git
	$ git --bare init --shared
	$ git --bare fetch /home/alice/myproject master:master</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<p>Next, give every team member read/write access to this repository. One
	easy way to do this is to give all the team members ssh access to the
	machine where the repository is hosted. If you don't want to give them a
	full shell on the machine, there is a restricted shell which only allows
	users to do git pushes and pulls; see <a href="git-shell.html">git-shell(1)</a>.</p>
	<p>Put all the committers in the same group, and make the repository
	writable by that group:</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>$ chgrp -R $group /pub/my-repo.git</tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<p>Make sure committers have a umask of at most 027, so that the directories
	they create are writable and searchable by other group members.</p>
	</div>
	<h2>Importing a CVS archive</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>First, install version 2.1 or higher of cvsps from
	<a href="http://www.cobite.com/cvsps/">http://www.cobite.com/cvsps/</a> and make
	sure it is in your path. Then cd to a checked out CVS working directory
	of the project you are interested in and run <a href="git-cvsimport.html">git-cvsimport(1)</a>:</p>
	<div class="listingblock">
	<div class="content">
	<pre><tt>$ git cvsimport -C <destination> <module></tt></pre>
	</div></div>
	<p>This puts a git archive of the named CVS module in the directory
	<destination>, which will be created if necessary.</p>
	<p>The import checks out from CVS every revision of every file. Reportedly
	cvsimport can average some twenty revisions per second, so for a
	medium-sized project this should not take more than a couple of minutes.
	Larger projects or remote repositories may take longer.</p>
	<p>The main trunk is stored in the git branch named <tt>origin</tt>, and additional
	CVS branches are stored in git branches with the same names. The most
	recent version of the main trunk is also left checked out on the <tt>master</tt>
	branch, so you can start adding your own changes right away.</p>
	<p>The import is incremental, so if you call it again next month it will
	fetch any CVS updates that have been made in the meantime. For this to
	work, you must not modify the imported branches; instead, create new
	branches for your own changes, and merge in the imported branches as
	necessary.</p>
	</div>
	<h2>Advanced Shared Repository Management</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>Git allows you to specify scripts called "hooks" to be run at certain
	points. You can use these, for example, to send all commits to the shared
	repository to a mailing list. See <a href="hooks.html">Hooks used by git</a>.</p>
	<p>You can enforce finer grained permissions using update hooks. See
	<a href="howto/update-hook-example.txt">Controlling access to branches using
	update hooks</a>.</p>
	</div>
	<h2>Providing CVS Access to a git Repository</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>It is also possible to provide true CVS access to a git repository, so
	that developers can still use CVS; see <a href="git-cvsserver.html">git-cvsserver(1)</a> for
	details.</p>
	</div>
	<h2>Alternative Development Models</h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<p>CVS users are accustomed to giving a group of developers commit access to
	a common repository. As we've seen, this is also possible with git.
	However, the distributed nature of git allows other development models,
	and you may want to first consider whether one of them might be a better
	fit for your project.</p>
	<p>For example, you can choose a single person to maintain the project's
	primary public repository. Other developers then clone this repository
	and each work in their own clone. When they have a series of changes that
	they're happy with, they ask the maintainer to pull from the branch
	containing the changes. The maintainer reviews their changes and pulls
	them into the primary repository, which other developers pull from as
	necessary to stay coordinated. The Linux kernel and other projects use
	variants of this model.</p>
	<p>With a small group, developers may just pull changes from each other's
	repositories without the need for a central maintainer.</p>
	</div>
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