I want to read the apache2 error log file from PHP (it is currently owned by the www-data user)
Is it safe to change the owner of this file, or to give it less restrictive permissions ?
The reason the default configuration is to restrict access to the error log is that it can contain sensitive information regarding either your configuration, or records of warnings/errors that contain usernames, passwords, database connection strings etc.
Allowing the webserver itself (read-only) access to that error log increases the risk for unauthorized access to such information.
But only you can do a risk analysis and judge if the benefits outweigh the risks.
create 0123 username groupname will create the new log files with specific permissions and owner before running the post rotate script, allowing you to override apache defaults.