Add ARIMA model

[ai-nerdy]

Describe your change:

This pull request adds an implementation of the ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) model for time series forecasting.
The code includes:

• Type hints for all functions and parameters
• Doctests demonstrating usage and expected output
• A reference to the Wikipedia article on ARIMA

• Add an algorithm
• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm
• Add or change doctests
• Documentation change

Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests
• This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, I will open separate PRs for separate algorithms
• All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory
• All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes
• All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions
• All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints
• All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing
• All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation
• If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a closing keyword: "Fixes #ISSUE-NUMBER"

[algorithms-keeper]

Click here to look at the relevant links ⬇️

🔗 Relevant Links

Repository:

• Contributing guidelines
• Project Euler solution guidelines

Python:

• Formatted string literals (f-strings)
• Type hints
• doctest
• unittest
• pytest

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[algorithms-keeper]

Please provide descriptive name for the parameter: p

Please provide descriptive name for the parameter: d

Please provide descriptive name for the parameter: q