*Memo for string, bytes and bytearray functions:
- My post explains swapcase(), title() and capitalize().
- My post explains isupper(), islower() and istitle().
- My post explains encode() and decode().
*Memo for a string, bytes and bytearray:
str.upper() and bytes.upper() or bytearray.upper() can make the string and bytes or bytearray uppercase respectively for very caseless matching as shown below:
*Memo:
- Each has no arguments.
- The German Alphabet
ẞ(ß) is used after a long vowel or dipthong, like inStraßeorbeißen. - The German Alphabets
SS(ss) are used after a short vowel sound, like inFlussorKuss.
<String>:
v = 'hElLo WoRlD' print(v.upper()) # HELLO WORLD v = 'ß' # Lowercase German Alphabet print(v.upper()) # SS v = 'ẞ' # Uppercase German Alphabet print(v.upper()) # ẞ # Uppercase German Alphabet <Bytes & Bytearray>:
v1 = b'hElLo WoRlD' v2 = bytearray(b'hElLo WoRlD') print(v1.upper()) # b'HELLO WORLD' print(v2.upper()) # bytearray(b'HELLO WORLD') # Lowercase German Alphabet v1 = 'ß'.encode() v1 = b'\xc3\x9f' v2 = bytearray(b'\xc3\x9f') print(v1.upper()) # b'\xc3\x9f' print(v2.upper()) # bytearray(b'\xc3\x9f') # Uppercase German Alphabet v1 = 'ẞ'.encode() v1 = b'\xe1\xba\x9e' v2 = bytearray(b'\xe1\xba\x9e') print(v1.upper()) # b'\xe1\xba\x9e' print(v2.upper()) # bytearray(b'\xe1\xba\x9e') str.lower() and bytes.lower() or bytearray.lower() can make the string and bytes or bytearray lowercase respectively for normal caseless matching as shown below:
*Memo:
- Each has no arguments.
<String>:
v = 'hElLo WoRlD' print(v.lower()) # hello world v = 'ß' # Lowercase German Alphabet print(v.lower()) # ß # Lowercase German Alphabet v = 'ẞ' # Uppercase German Alphabet print(v.lower()) # ß # Lowercase German Alphabet <Bytes & Bytearray>:
v1 = b'hElLo WoRlD' v2 = bytearray(b'hElLo WoRlD') print(v1.lower()) # b'hello world' print(v2.lower()) # bytearray(b'hello world') # Lowercase German Alphabet v1 = 'ß'.encode() v1 = b'\xc3\x9f' v2 = bytearray(b'\xc3\x9f') print(v1.lower()) # b'\xc3\x9f' print(v2.lower()) # bytearray(b'\xc3\x9f') # Uppercase German Alphabet v1 = 'ẞ'.encode() v1 = b'\xe1\xba\x9e' v2 = bytearray(b'\xe1\xba\x9e') print(v1.lower()) # b'\xe1\xba\x9e' print(v2.lower()) # bytearray(b'\xe1\xba\x9e') str.casefold() can make the string lowercase for very caseless matching as shown below:
*Memo:
- It has no arguments.
-
bytes.casefold()andbytearray.lower()don't exist for a bytes and bytearray respectively.
<String>:
v = 'hElLo WoRlD' print(v.casefold()) # hello world v = 'ß' # Lowercase German Alphabet print(v.casefold()) # ss v = 'ẞ' # Uppercase German Alphabet print(v.casefold()) # ss 
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