*Memos:
- My post explains a string.
encode() can encode a string and decode() can decode the encoded string as shown below:
*Memos:
- The 1st argument is
encoding(Optional-Default:'utf-8'): *Memos:-
'utf-8','utf-7','utf-16','big5','ascii', etc can be set to it. - You can see Standard Encodings for more possible values.
-
- The 2nd argument is
errors(Optional-Default:'strict'): *Memos:- It controls encoding or decoding error with the error handlers,
'strict','ignore','replace','xmlcharrefreplace','backslashreplace', etc. -
'strict'raises UnicodeError if the character, which cannot be encoded or decoded, exists. -
'ignore'ignores the character which cannot be encoded or decoded. -
'replace'replaces the character, which cannot be encoded or decoded, with?forencode()or�fordecode(). -
'xmlcharrefreplace'replaces the character, which cannot be encoded or decoded, with a XML character e.g.ё,φ, etc. -
'backslashreplace'replaces the character, which cannot be encoded or decoded, with\\uxxxxforencode()e.g.\\u0451or\uxxxxfordecode()e.g.\u0451. - You can see more error handlers.
- You can create your own error handler with codecs.register_error().
- It controls encoding or decoding error with the error handlers,
- After using
encode(),decode()appears andencode()disappears. - After using
decode(),encode()appears anddecode()disappears.
v = 'Hёllφ!' ev = v.encode() ev = v.encode(encoding='utf-8', errors='strict') print(ev) # b'H\xd1\x91ll\xcf\x86!' dv = ev.decode() dv = ev.decode(encoding='utf-8', errors='strict') print(dv) # Hёllφ! v = 'Hёllφ!' ev = v.encode(encoding='utf-7') print(ev) # b'H+BFE-ll+A8Y!' dv = ev.decode(encoding='utf-7') print(dv) # Hёllφ! v = 'Hёllφ!' ev = v.encode(encoding='utf-16') print(ev) # b'\xff\xfeH\x00Q\x04l\x00l\x00\xc6\x03!\x00' dv = ev.decode(encoding='utf-16') print(dv) # Hёllφ! v = 'Hёllφ!' ev = v.encode(encoding='big5') print(ev) # b'H\xc7\xcell\xa3p!' dv = ev.decode(encoding='big5') print(dv) # Hёllφ! import codecs def hashreplace_handler(s): return ((s.end - s.start) * '#', s.end) codecs.register_error('hashreplace', hashreplace_handler) v = 'Hёllφ!' print(v.encode(encoding='ascii', errors='ignore')) # b'Hll!' print(v.encode(encoding='ascii', errors='replace')) # b'H?ll?!' print(v.encode(encoding='ascii', errors='xmlcharrefreplace')) # b'Hёllφ!' print(v.encode(encoding='ascii', errors='backslashreplace')) # b'H\\u0451ll\\u03c6!' print(v.encode(encoding='ascii', errors='hashreplace')) # b'H#ll#!' print(v.encode(encoding='ascii')) print(v.encode(encoding='ascii', errors='strict')) # UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character '\u0451' # in position 1: ordinal not in range(128) import codecs def hashreplace_handler(s): return ((s.end - s.start) * '#', s.end) codecs.register_error('hashreplace', hashreplace_handler) v = 'Hёllφ!' ev = v.encode() print(ev) # b'H\xd1\x91ll\xcf\x86!' print(ev.decode(encoding='ascii', errors='ignore')) # Hll! print(ev.decode(encoding='ascii', errors='replace')) # H��ll��! print(ev.decode(encoding='ascii', errors='hashreplace')) # H##ll##! print(ev.decode(encoding='ascii', errors='strict')) # UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xd1 # in position 1: ordinal not in range(128) v = 'Hёllφ!' ev = v.encode(encoding='ascii', errors='xmlcharrefreplace') print(ev) # b'Hёllφ!' print(ev.decode(encoding='ascii', errors='xmlcharrefreplace')) # Hёllφ! v = 'Hёllφ!' ev = v.encode(encoding='ascii', errors='backslashreplace') print(ev) # b'H\\u0451ll\\u03c6!' print(ev.decode(encoding='ascii', errors='backslashreplace')) # H\u0451ll\u03c6! 
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