外贸必读：揭秘国际贸易中"洋骗子"的8大骗术及防范措施

外贸必读：揭秘国际贸易中"洋骗子"的8大骗术及防范措施

Must-Read for Foreign Trade: Exposing 8 Common Scams by "Foreign Fraudsters" in International Trade

随着国际贸易环境的变化，海外买方欺诈案件呈现涉案国别增多、欺诈形式多样化的特点，甚至出现智能化、组织化、规模化的趋势。相比国内骗子，这些"洋骗子"往往具备更高的专业素质，对贸易、法律、运输、金融等知识融会贯通，手段更加隐蔽。

With the changing international trade environment, cases of overseas buyer fraud show characteristics of increasing involved countries and diversified fraud methods, even developing trends of intellectualization, organization, and scale. Compared with domestic fraudsters, these "foreign fraudsters" often possess higher professional competence, mastering knowledge of trade, law, transportation, finance, etc., with more concealed methods.

一、8大常见国际贸易骗术 | 8 Common International Trade Scams

1. 伪装知名买方代理人 | Posing as Agents of Famous Buyers

不良中间商在自行采购时，谎称是某知名买方的代理人，误导出口企业以为合同是与知名买方签订。等发现被"拖欠"货款时，中间商早已逃之夭夭。

Unscrupulous intermediaries claim to be agents of famous buyers when purchasing independently, misleading exporters into believing the contract is signed with the famous buyer. By the time "payment default" is discovered, the intermediary has already disappeared.

2. 冒名顶替知名买方 | Impersonating Famous Buyers

直接冒充其他买方下单，利用国际贸易合同通常只需签字不需盖章的特点，通过提单背书轻松提货。

Directly impersonating other buyers to place orders, taking advantage of international trade contracts usually requiring only signatures (not seals), and easily taking delivery through bill of lading endorsement.

3. 勾结货代无单放货 | Colluding with Freight Forwarders for Release Without Original B/L

买方指定货代签发提单(非船公司提单)，特别在FOB条款下，小货代往往听从买方指示无单放货。

Buyers designate freight forwarders to issue bills of lading (not carrier's bills), especially under FOB terms, where small forwarders often follow buyers' instructions to release goods without original bills.

4. 利用无法控制货权的运输单据 | Using Transport Documents Without Title Control

信用证或D/P支付方式下，指定提交不代表物权的运输单据，一边拒收单证一边提走货物。

Under L/C or D/P payment terms, specifying submission of transport documents that don't represent title, rejecting documents while taking delivery of goods.

5. 利用特殊海关政策漏洞 | Exploiting Loopholes in Special Customs Policies

利用某些国家退货需原买方同意的规定，拖延付款直至海关拍卖临近，再要求极低价收购。

Taking advantage of some countries' regulations requiring original buyer's consent for returns, delaying payment until customs auction approaches, then demanding purchase at extremely low prices.

6. 网络黑客诈骗 | Cyber Hacking Fraud

入侵邮件系统发送虚假收款账号变更指示，在货物交付后、付款前骗取货款。

Hacking email systems to send false instructions for changing payment accounts, defrauding payment between goods delivery and payment.

7. 利用银行违规操作 | Exploiting Banks' Irregular Operations

部分金融落后国家的银行不按国际规则操作，在未获付款或承兑情况下放单给买方。

Some banks in financially underdeveloped countries don't follow international rules, releasing documents to buyers without payment or acceptance.

8. 冒名银行工作人员 | Impersonating Bank Staff

冒充进口国银行人员，提供错误银行地址冒领单证，无需付款即可提货。

Posing as staff of importing country's banks, providing wrong bank addresses to fraudulently receive documents and take delivery without payment.

二、风险防范建议 | Risk Prevention Suggestions

1. 提高风险意识 | Enhance Risk Awareness

• 交易金额小、买方"好说话"不代表无风险 | Small transaction amounts and "easy-going" buyers don't mean no risk
• 全程把控合同签订、生产、运输、交单各环节 | Control all stages from contract signing to production, shipment, and document submission
• 出运后跟踪货物流转，及时催收货款 | Track goods flow after shipment and promptly collect payment

2. 做好资信调查 | Conduct Credit Investigations

• 通过专业渠道了解买方注册信息、资产状况等 | Learn buyer's registration information and financial status through professional channels
• 核对买方提供信息的真实性 | Verify authenticity of information provided by buyers
• 关注买方不良记录 | Pay attention to buyers' bad records

当前国际环境复杂多变，建议出口企业保持警惕，加强对交易细节的敏感性，做好风险判断和甄别。

The current international environment is complex and volatile. Exporters are advised to stay vigilant, enhance sensitivity to transaction details, and make good risk judgments and screening.