# RHEL 8如何配置Apache Web服务 ## 1. Apache Web服务简介 Apache HTTP Server(简称Apache)是当前互联网上最流行的开源Web服务器软件之一,由Apache软件基金会开发和维护。自1995年发布以来,Apache以其稳定性、安全性和灵活性成为企业级Web服务的首选解决方案。 在RHEL 8(Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8)中,Apache作为默认的Web服务器软件包提供,通过`httpd`服务实现。与早期版本相比,RHEL 8中的Apache进行了多项优化: - 默认使用HTTP/2协议支持 - 改进的MPM(多处理模块)配置 - 增强的TLS 1.3支持 - 与SELinux的深度集成 ## 2. 安装Apache服务 ### 2.1 准备工作 在开始安装前,请确保: 1. 已注册RHEL 8系统并启用适当订阅 2. 具有root或sudo权限 3. 网络连接正常 ```bash # 更新系统软件包 sudo dnf update -y
RHEL 8通过AppStream仓库提供Apache软件包:
# 安装httpd软件包 sudo dnf install -y httpd # 验证安装版本 httpd -v
典型输出:
Server version: Apache/2.4.37 (Red Hat Enterprise Linux) Server built: Apr 7 2022
允许HTTP/HTTPS流量通过防火墙:
# 永久开放80和443端口 sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https sudo firewall-cmd --reload
# 启动Apache服务 sudo systemctl start httpd # 设置开机自启 sudo systemctl enable httpd # 检查服务状态 sudo systemctl status httpd
RHEL 8中Apache的主要目录: - /etc/httpd/
:配置文件目录 - conf/httpd.conf
:主配置文件 - conf.d/
:附加配置文件 - /var/www/html
:默认网站根目录 - /var/log/httpd/
:日志文件目录 - /usr/lib64/httpd/modules/
:模块存储位置
编辑主配置文件:
sudo vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
关键参数建议:
ServerAdmin webmaster@example.com # 管理员邮箱 ServerName www.example.com:80 # 服务器域名 # 优化性能参数 Timeout 60 KeepAlive On MaxKeepAliveRequests 100 KeepAliveTimeout 5 # 调整MPM配置(预fork模式) <IfModule prefork.c> StartServers 5 MinSpareServers 5 MaxSpareServers 10 ServerLimit 256 MaxClients 256 MaxRequestsPerChild 4000 </IfModule>
验证配置语法:
sudo apachectl configtest
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/example.com/public_html sudo chown -R apache:apache /var/www/example.com
sudo vi /etc/httpd/conf.d/example.com.conf
示例配置:
<VirtualHost *:80> ServerName example.com ServerAlias www.example.com DocumentRoot /var/www/example.com/public_html ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/example.com-error.log CustomLog /var/log/httpd/example.com-access.log combined <Directory /var/www/example.com/public_html> Options -Indexes +FollowSymLinks AllowOverride All Require all granted </Directory> </VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost 192.168.1.100:80> ServerName site1.example.com DocumentRoot /var/www/site1 # 其他配置... </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost 192.168.1.101:80> ServerName site2.example.com DocumentRoot /var/www/site2 # 其他配置... </VirtualHost>
sudo dnf install -y mod_ssl openssl
sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 \ -keyout /etc/pki/tls/private/example.com.key \ -out /etc/pki/tls/certs/example.com.crt
<VirtualHost *:443> ServerName example.com DocumentRoot /var/www/example.com/public_html SSLEngine on SSLCertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/example.com.crt SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/private/example.com.key # 启用HTTP严格传输安全 Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains" # 其他SSL优化配置 SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3 -TLSv1 -TLSv1.1 SSLCipherSuite HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5 </VirtualHost>
sudo dnf install -y brotli
编辑配置文件:
<IfModule mod_deflate.c> AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/plain AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/xml AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/css AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/xml AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/xhtml+xml AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/rss+xml AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/javascript AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/x-javascript </IfModule>
sudo dnf install -y httpd24-http2
配置示例:
Protocols h2 http/1.1 H2Direct on
<IfModule mod_expires.c> ExpiresActive On ExpiresByType image/jpg "access plus 1 year" ExpiresByType image/jpeg "access plus 1 year" ExpiresByType image/gif "access plus 1 year" ExpiresByType image/png "access plus 1 year" ExpiresByType text/css "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType application/pdf "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType text/x-javascript "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType application/x-shockwave-flash "access plus 1 month" ExpiresByType image/x-icon "access plus 1 year" ExpiresDefault "access plus 2 days" </IfModule>
# 允许Apache访问网站内容 sudo chcon -R -t httpd_sys_content_t /var/www/example.com/ # 允许写入操作(如WordPress) sudo chcon -R -t httpd_sys_rw_content_t /var/www/example.com/wp-content/
ServerTokens Prod ServerSignature Off
<Directory /> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Require all denied </Directory>
编辑logrotate配置:
sudo vi /etc/logrotate.d/httpd
示例配置:
/var/log/httpd/*log { missingok notifempty sharedscripts delaycompress postrotate /bin/systemctl reload httpd.service > /dev/null 2>/dev/null || true endscript }
LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\" %D" custom_log CustomLog /var/log/httpd/access_log custom_log
检查错误日志:
sudo tail -n 50 /var/log/httpd/error_log
# 检查SELinux上下文 ls -Z /var/www/ # 临时诊断SELinux sudo setenforce 0
# 查看当前连接数 sudo httpd -t -D DUMP_THREADS # 监控实时请求 sudo tail -f /var/log/httpd/access_log | awk '{print $1}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
<Proxy balancer://mycluster> BalancerMember http://192.168.1.101:80 BalancerMember http://192.168.1.102:80 ProxySet lbmethod=bytraffic </Proxy> ProxyPass "/" "balancer://mycluster/" ProxyPassReverse "/" "balancer://mycluster/"
ProxyPass "/app" "http://localhost:8080/app" ProxyPassReverse "/app" "http://localhost:8080/app"
<Directory /var/www/webdav> Dav On AuthType Basic AuthName "WebDAV" AuthUserFile /etc/httpd/conf/passwd.dav Require valid-user </Directory>
通过本文的详细指导,您应该已经掌握了在RHEL 8上配置和管理Apache Web服务的完整流程。从基础安装到高级功能配置,Apache提供了企业级Web服务所需的所有特性。建议定期检查Apache的安全公告,保持软件更新,并根据实际业务需求持续优化配置。
注意:生产环境部署前,请务必进行充分的测试,并考虑实施额外的安全措施如WAF(Web应用防火墙)等。 “`
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