# Oracle中怎么实现存储过程 ## 一、存储过程概述 ### 1.1 什么是存储过程 存储过程（Stored Procedure）是Oracle数据库中一组为了完成特定功能的SQL语句集合，经编译后存储在数据库中。用户通过指定存储过程的名字并给出参数（如果该存储过程带有参数）来执行它。 存储过程具有以下特点： - 预编译的SQL语句集合 - 存储在数据库服务器端 - 可通过名称和参数调用 - 支持流程控制语句 - 可返回多个结果集 ### 1.2 存储过程的优势 1. **提高性能**：存储过程在创建时进行编译，后续调用无需重新编译 2. **减少网络流量**：客户端只需传递存储过程名和参数，而非完整SQL 3. **增强安全性**：可通过授权机制控制对存储过程的访问 4. **代码复用**：一次编写，多次调用 5. **模块化编程**：将复杂业务逻辑封装在数据库层 ### 1.3 存储过程与函数的区别 | 特性 | 存储过程 | 函数 | |---------------------|-------------------------|-------------------------| | 返回值 | 可以没有或返回多个 | 必须返回一个值 | | 调用方式 | EXECUTE或CALL语句 | 在SQL语句中直接调用 | | 参数模式 | IN,OUT,IN OUT | 只有IN模式 | | DML操作 | 可以执行 | 通常不执行（除非是自治事务）| | 异常处理 | 有完善的异常处理机制 | 异常处理较简单 | ## 二、存储过程基础语法 ### 2.1 创建存储过程 基本语法结构： ```sql CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE procedure_name [ (parameter [,parameter]) ] IS [declaration_section] BEGIN executable_section [EXCEPTION exception_section] END [procedure_name]; 示例：创建一个简单存储过程
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE greet_employee IS BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Hello, employees!'); END greet_employee; Oracle存储过程支持三种参数模式：
IN参数（默认模式）：传入参数，过程内部不能修改
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE raise_salary ( p_emp_id IN NUMBER, p_amount IN NUMBER ) IS BEGIN UPDATE employees SET salary = salary + p_amount WHERE employee_id = p_emp_id; END raise_salary; OUT参数：输出参数，过程内部可修改并返回
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE get_employee_info ( p_emp_id IN NUMBER, p_name OUT VARCHAR2, p_salary OUT NUMBER ) IS BEGIN SELECT last_name, salary INTO p_name, p_salary FROM employees WHERE employee_id = p_emp_id; END get_employee_info; IN OUT参数：双向参数，传入值并可被修改后返回
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE format_phone_number ( p_phone IN OUT VARCHAR2 ) IS BEGIN p_phone := '(' || SUBSTR(p_phone,1,3) || ') ' || SUBSTR(p_phone,4,3) || '-' || SUBSTR(p_phone,7); END format_phone_number; 使用EXECUTE命令：
EXECUTE procedure_name(parameters); 使用CALL语句：
CALL procedure_name(parameters); 在PL/SQL块中调用：
BEGIN procedure_name(parameters); END; 带OUT参数调用的示例：
DECLARE v_name VARCHAR2(100); v_salary NUMBER; BEGIN get_employee_info(100, v_name, v_salary); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name: ' || v_name || ', Salary: ' || v_salary); END; 存储过程中可以使用完整的异常处理机制：
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE process_order ( p_order_id IN NUMBER ) IS v_status VARCHAR2(20); BEGIN -- 业务逻辑 SELECT status INTO v_status FROM orders WHERE order_id = p_order_id; IF v_status != 'OPEN' THEN RSE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Order is not open'); END IF; -- 更多处理逻辑 EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Order not found'); WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Multiple orders found'); WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: ' || SQLERRM); ROLLBACK; END process_order; 存储过程中可以包含完整的事务控制语句：
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE transfer_funds ( p_from_acct IN NUMBER, p_to_acct IN NUMBER, p_amount IN NUMBER ) IS v_balance NUMBER; BEGIN -- 检查账户余额 SELECT balance INTO v_balance FROM accounts WHERE account_id = p_from_acct FOR UPDATE; -- 加锁 IF v_balance < p_amount THEN RSE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20002, 'Insufficient funds'); END IF; -- 转账操作 UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance - p_amount WHERE account_id = p_from_acct; UPDATE accounts SET balance = balance + p_amount WHERE account_id = p_to_acct; -- 记录交易 INSERT INTO transactions VALUES ( trans_seq.NEXTVAL, p_from_acct, p_to_acct, p_amount, SYSDATE ); COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; RSE; END transfer_funds; 存储过程中可以使用游标处理多行数据：
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_department_salaries ( p_dept_id IN NUMBER, p_percent IN NUMBER ) IS CURSOR emp_cur IS SELECT employee_id, salary FROM employees WHERE department_id = p_dept_id FOR UPDATE OF salary; v_count NUMBER := 0; BEGIN FOR emp_rec IN emp_cur LOOP UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * (1 + p_percent/100) WHERE CURRENT OF emp_cur; v_count := v_count + 1; END LOOP; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Updated ' || v_count || ' employees'); COMMIT; EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: ' || SQLERRM); END update_department_salaries; 推荐采用以下命名约定： - 过程名：动词开头，如calculate_totals - 参数名：前缀表示模式，如p_表示参数，v_表示变量 - 游标名：cur_前缀 - 异常名：e_前缀
使用NOCOPY提示减少大型OUT/IN OUT参数的复制开销：
CREATE PROCEDURE process_large_data ( p_data IN OUT NOCOPY CLOB ) IS 批量操作使用FORALL代替循环：
CREATE PROCEDURE bulk_update IS TYPE id_array IS TABLE OF NUMBER; v_ids id_array := id_array(101, 102, 103); BEGIN FORALL i IN 1..v_ids.COUNT UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.1 WHERE employee_id = v_ids(i); END; 使用绑定变量而非字符串拼接： “`sql – 不推荐 EXECUTE IMMEDIATE ‘SELECT * FROM ’ || p_table_name;
– 推荐 EXECUTE IMMEDIATE ‘SELECT * FROM ’ || DBMS_ASSERT.SQL_OBJECT_NAME(p_table_name);
### 4.3 安全考虑 1. 使用`AUTHID`子句控制执行权限： ```sql CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE sensitive_operation AUTHID DEFINER IS -- 以定义者权限执行 BEGIN -- 访问定义者有权限但调用者无权限的对象 END; 防范SQL注入：
CREATE PROCEDURE search_products ( p_name IN VARCHAR2 ) IS v_sql VARCHAR2(1000); BEGIN -- 不安全 -- v_sql := 'SELECT * FROM products WHERE name LIKE ''%' || p_name || '%'''; -- 安全方式 v_sql := 'SELECT * FROM products WHERE name LIKE ''%'' || :name || ''%'''; EXECUTE IMMEDIATE v_sql USING p_name; END; CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE migrate_customer_data AS CURSOR cust_cur IS SELECT customer_id, old_credit_limit, old_status FROM legacy_customers WHERE migration_flag = 'N'; v_count NUMBER := 0; v_start_time TIMESTAMP := SYSTIMESTAMP; BEGIN FOR cust_rec IN cust_cur LOOP BEGIN -- 插入新系统 INSERT INTO customers ( customer_id, credit_limit, status, create_date ) VALUES ( cust_rec.customer_id, cust_rec.old_credit_limit * 1.1, -- 新系统信用额度增加10% CASE cust_rec.old_status WHEN 'A' THEN 'ACTIVE' WHEN 'I' THEN 'INACTIVE' ELSE 'PENDING' END, SYSDATE ); -- 更新迁移标志 UPDATE legacy_customers SET migration_flag = 'Y', migration_date = SYSDATE WHERE customer_id = cust_rec.customer_id; v_count := v_count + 1; -- 每100条提交一次 IF MOD(v_count, 100) = 0 THEN COMMIT; END IF; EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Duplicate customer: ' || cust_rec.customer_id); UPDATE legacy_customers SET migration_flag = 'E', migration_error = 'Duplicate ID' WHERE customer_id = cust_rec.customer_id; WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error migrating customer ' || cust_rec.customer_id || ': ' || SQLERRM); UPDATE legacy_customers SET migration_flag = 'E', migration_error = SUBSTR(SQLERRM, 1, 200) WHERE customer_id = cust_rec.customer_id; END; END LOOP; COMMIT; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Migration completed'); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total records processed: ' || v_count); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Elapsed time: ' || EXTRACT(SECOND FROM (SYSTIMESTAMP - v_start_time)) || ' seconds'); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Critical error: ' || SQLERRM); RSE; END migrate_customer_data; CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE generate_monthly_sales_report ( p_month IN NUMBER, p_year IN NUMBER, p_dept_id IN NUMBER DEFAULT NULL ) AS v_report_id NUMBER; v_start_date DATE; v_end_date DATE; v_dept_name VARCHAR2(100); -- 定义记录类型 TYPE sales_rec IS RECORD ( product_id NUMBER, product_name VARCHAR2(100), total_quantity NUMBER, total_amount NUMBER(15,2) ); -- 定义表类型 TYPE sales_table IS TABLE OF sales_rec; -- 声明变量 v_sales_data sales_table; v_total_sales NUMBER(15,2) := 0; v_total_quantity NUMBER := 0; BEGIN -- 计算日期范围 v_start_date := TO_DATE('01-' || p_month || '-' || p_year, 'DD-MM-YYYY'); v_end_date := LAST_DAY(v_start_date); -- 获取部门名称（如果指定了部门） IF p_dept_id IS NOT NULL THEN BEGIN SELECT department_name INTO v_dept_name FROM departments WHERE department_id = p_dept_id; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN v_dept_name := 'Department ' || p_dept_id || ' (Not Found)'; END; ELSE v_dept_name := 'All Departments'; END IF; -- 生成唯一报告ID SELECT report_seq.NEXTVAL INTO v_report_id FROM dual; -- 插入报告头信息 INSERT INTO sales_reports ( report_id, report_month, report_year, department_id, department_name, generation_date ) VALUES ( v_report_id, p_month, p_year, p_dept_id, v_dept_name, SYSDATE ); -- 获取销售数据 IF p_dept_id IS NULL THEN -- 全公司销售数据 SELECT p.product_id, p.product_name, SUM(oi.quantity), SUM(oi.quantity * oi.unit_price) BULK COLLECT INTO v_sales_data FROM order_items oi JOIN products p ON oi.product_id = p.product_id JOIN orders o ON oi.order_id = o.order_id WHERE o.order_date BETWEEN v_start_date AND v_end_date GROUP BY p.product_id, p.product_name ORDER BY SUM(oi.quantity * oi.unit_price) DESC; ELSE -- 特定部门销售数据 SELECT p.product_id, p.product_name, SUM(oi.quantity), SUM(oi.quantity * oi.unit_price) BULK COLLECT INTO v_sales_data FROM order_items oi JOIN products p ON oi.product_id = p.product_id JOIN orders o ON oi.order_id = o.order_id JOIN employees e ON o.sales_rep_id = e.employee_id WHERE o.order_date BETWEEN v_start_date AND v_end_date AND e.department_id = p_dept_id GROUP BY p.product_id, p.product_name ORDER BY SUM(oi.quantity * oi.unit_price) DESC; END IF; -- 处理销售数据 FOR i IN 1..v_sales_data.COUNT LOOP -- 插入明细记录 INSERT INTO sales_report_details ( report_id, line_number, product_id, product_name, quantity, amount ) VALUES ( v_report_id, i, v_sales_data(i).product_id, v_sales_data(i).product_name, v_sales_data(i).total_quantity, v_sales_data(i).total_amount ); -- 累计总数 v_total_quantity := v_total_quantity + v_sales_data(i).total_quantity; v_total_sales := v_total_sales + v_sales_data(i).total_amount; END LOOP; -- 更新报告汇总信息 UPDATE sales_reports SET total_quantity = v_total_quantity, total_amount = v_total_sales, record_count = v_sales_data.COUNT WHERE report_id = v_report_id; COMMIT; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Report generated successfully. ID: ' || v_report_id); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN ROLLBACK; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error generating report: ' || SQLERRM); RSE; END generate_monthly_sales_report; 使用DBMS_OUTPUT进行简单调试：
CREATE PROCEDURE debug_example IS v_temp NUMBER := 0; BEGIN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Starting procedure'); FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP v_temp := v_temp + i; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Iteration ' || i || ': ' || v_temp); END LOOP; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Final total: ' || v_temp); END; 使用条件编译进行调试： “`sql CREATE PROCEDURE debug_with_cc IS BEGIN \(IF \)\(DEBUG \)THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Debug mode: Starting procedure’); $END
– 业务逻辑
\(IF \)\(DEBUG \)THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Debug mode: Procedure completed’); $END END;
– 启用调试 ALTER PROCEDURE debug_with_cc COMPILE PLSQL_CCFLAGS = ‘DEBUG:TRUE’ REUSE SETTINGS; “`
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