C++ 标准异常类位于 <exception> 头文件中，它们继承自 std::exception 类。std::exception 是一个基类，它为所有标准异常提供了一个公共的接口。以下是 C++ 标准异常类的继承关系：
class std::exception { public: std::exception() noexcept; virtual ~std::exception() noexcept; const char* what() const noexcept; }; class std::runtime_error : public std::exception { public: explicit runtime_error(const std::string& message) noexcept; const char* what() const noexcept override; }; class std::out_of_range : public std::runtime_error { public: explicit out_of_range(const std::string& message) noexcept; const char* what() const noexcept override; }; class std::bad_alloc : public std::runtime_error { public: explicit bad_alloc() noexcept; const char* what() const noexcept override; }; class std::logic_error : public std::exception { public: explicit logic_error(const std::string& message) noexcept; const char* what() const noexcept override; }; class std::domain_error : public std::runtime_error { public: explicit domain_error(const std::string& message) noexcept; const char* what() const noexcept override; }; class std::invalid_argument : public std::runtime_error { public: explicit invalid_argument(const std::string& message) noexcept; const char* what() const noexcept override; }; class std::length_error : public std::runtime_error { public: explicit length_error(const std::string& message) noexcept; const char* what() const noexcept override; }; class std::out_of_range : public std::runtime_error { public: explicit out_of_range(const std::string& message) noexcept; const char* what() const noexcept override; }; 这里列出了部分 C++ 标准异常类，它们都是从 std::exception 类继承而来的。每个异常类都有其特定的用途和构造函数，以便在程序中抛出和捕获相应的异常。
