Introspection in Python29 Aug 2024 | 5 min read In this tutorial, we will learn about introspection which is a greatest strength of the Python programming language. Let's have a brief introduction to the introspection. What is Introspection?Introspection is a technique to determine the type of an object at runtime. As we know, everything in Python is an object and has wide support for various introspection methods. It is a code that inspects other modules and functions in memory as objects, getting information about them and manipulating them. It provides the facility to get familiar with an object's properties and attributes. By using introspection, we can dynamically inspect Python objects. Python is a dynamic, object-oriented, introspection support language that runs deep and wide throughout. The introspection feature makes it a more powerful language than others. Python provides several functions and utilities for code introspection. We can also define call functions and reference functions with the no-name. The dir() FunctionThe dir() function returns a sorted list of the attributes and methods belonging to an object. Let's understand the following example, which uses the dir() function to return the names of all methods that can be used in a given program. Example - Output: ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'clear', 'copy', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort'] The dir() function returns all the methods and attributes used by the list object. Example - 2: Output: The methods and attributes are used with integer: ['__abs__', '__add__', '__and__', '__bool__', '__ceil__', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__divmod__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__float__', '__floor__', '__floordiv__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__index__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__int__', '__invert__', '__le__', '__lshift__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__neg__', '__new__', '__or__', '__pos__', '__pow__', '__radd__', '__rand__', '__rdivmod__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rfloordiv__', '__rlshift__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__ror__', '__round__', '__rpow__', '__rrshift__', '__rshift__', '__rsub__', '__rtruediv__', '__rxor__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__sub__', '__subclasshook__', '__truediv__', '__trunc__', '__xor__', 'as_integer_ratio', 'bit_length', 'conjugate', 'denominator', 'from_bytes', 'imag', 'numerator', 'real', 'to_bytes'] The methods and attributes are used with string: ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'capitalize', 'casefold', 'center', 'count', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'format', 'format_map', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isascii', 'isdecimal', 'isdigit', 'isidentifier', 'islower', 'isnumeric', 'isprintable', 'isspace', 'istitle', 'isupper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'maketrans', 'partition', 'replace', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit', 'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper', 'zfill'] Python type() functionThe type() function returns the type of the object. Let's understand the following example. Example - Output: <class 'int'> <class 'str'> Example - 2: Output: <class 'int'> <class 'str'> <class 'list'> <class 'dict'> <class 'tuple'> <class 'type'> <class 'function'> <class 'type'> <class '__main__.MyClass'> <class 'module'> Python hasattr() FunctionThe hasattr() function checks if the object has an attribute. Depending upon the result, it returns either true or false if the object has a given attribute. Let's understand the following example. Example - Output: True False Python id() FunctionThe id() function returns the special id of an object. Let's understand the following example. Example - Output: The integer id is: 140736928548512 The string id is: 2423227163376 The list id is: 2423232862400 The set id is: 2423232820480 The list id is: 2423226957888 The object id is: 140736928328528 The functio id is: 2423231111520 The MyClass id is: 2423225796064 The obj id is: 2423232892640 The sys module id is: 2423227235840 Python sys ModuleThe sys module allows us to interaction with the system specific variables and function used or maintained by the interpreter and to function that interact strongly with the interpreter. Let's understand the following example. Example - Output: 3.8.6 (tags/v3.8.6:db45529, Sep 23 2020, 15:52:53) [MSC v.1927 64 bit (AMD64)] win32 ['d:\\Python Project', 'D:\\python_project\\Myfirstdjangoproject\\Hello', 'c:\\users\\User\\appdata\\local\\programs\\python\\python38\\python38.zip', 'c:\\users\\User\\appdata\\local\\programs\\python\\python38\\DLLs', 'c:\\users\\User\\appdata\\local\\programs\\python\\python38\\lib', 'c:\\users\\User\\appdata\\local\\programs\\python\\python38', 'C:\\Users\\User\\.virtualenvs\\Django-ExvyqL3O', 'C:\\Users\\User\\.virtualenvs\\Django-ExvyqL3O\\lib\\site-packages'] We inspect the Python version, platform, and search path locations in the above code. Some Other Introspection MethodsThere are some other important introspection methods which are given below.
Introspection Attributes in PythonWe are going to discuss some attributes that give useful information about objects. Let's see some important introspection attribute.
ConclusionWe have discussed what introspection is and how it is important. We have seen some important methods and examples. To learn more about introspection, you can check the Python inspect module. Next TopicClass Decorator in Python |
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