UNIT 5- Standalone and Client Server Programming Concept

UNIT 5 Standalone and Client Server

Standalone Programming A stand-alone program is a software application that can run on a computer system without requiring any additional software or resources beyond what is already installed on the system. It is designed to operate independently of other programs or applications, without the need for an internet connection or a network connection. Stand-alone programs are commonly used in a variety of settings, including personal computers, kiosks, and industrial control systems. They may be used for a range of purposes, such as productivity tools, media players, or specialized software for scientific or engineering applications. One of the main advantages of stand-alone programs is their portability. They can be installed on a computer system without the need for internet access or external dependencies, which makes them ideal for situations where connectivity is limited or not available. They are also typically easier to use and maintain than programs that rely on external resources or network connections. However, stand-alone programs can also have limitations, such as limited functionality or compatibility with other software applications. They may also require updates or patches to address security vulnerabilities or performance issues. Eg. Notepad, Paint, Calculator, Washing machine, Vacuum cleaner, microwave, Excel etc

Advantages of Stand alone programs 1) Security: Stand-alone systems can be more secure than networked systems, as they are not vulnerable to attacks that target networked resources or systems. 2) Independence: Stand-alone systems operate independently of other computers or networks, so they can function even without internet access or network connectivity. 3) Speed: Stand-alone systems can often operate faster than networked systems, as they do not have to communicate with other computers or servers over a network. Also it does not take much time to install and update them. 4) Control: Stand-alone systems offer users greater control over their own system settings and resources, as they do not have to share these resources with other computers or network users.

Advantages of Stand alone programs 5) Privacy: Stand-alone systems offer greater privacy and confidentiality, as data is not shared with other computers or network users, and is stored locally on the system itself. 6) Ease of use: Stand-alone programs are typically easier to use and maintain than programs that require external resources or network connections.

Disadvantages of Standalone Programs 1. Limited functionality: Standalone programs may have limited functionality compared to networked programs. They may lack features that require network connectivity, such as collaborative editing or real-time data sharing. 2. Limited scalability: Standalone programs may be limited in terms of scalability, as they may not be able to handle large volumes of data or users without significant performance issues. 3. Limited compatibility: Standalone programs may have compatibility issues with other software applications, as they may not adhere to network standards or protocols. 4. Limited support: Standalone programs may have limited support options, as they may not have access to online resources or technical support services. 5. Limited updates and maintain: Standalone programs may receive fewer updates or patches than networked programs, as they may not have access to the same update distribution channels or mechanisms.

Disadvantages of Standalone Programs 6) Limited Data sharing: Due to the absence of network, it requires physical storage devices to share file between computers. 7) No Fault Tolerance: There is no separate module for taking care of errors that may happen during operation of stand alone programs. Fault tolerance is almost absent in most standalone programs.

Client Server system A client-server system is a type of computer network architecture where one or more client computers connect to a central server to access resources or services. The server manages and provides resources or services to the client computers, which may be located remotely or on the same network. In a client-server system, the client computers typically run software applications that require access to resources or services provided by the server, such as file sharing, printing, or database management. The server, in turn, provides these resources or services to the clients upon request, and manages the allocation and use of these resources.

Advantages of Client Server System 1. Centralized management: The server provides a central point of management for the resources or services that it provides, making it easier to manage and maintain the system. 2. Scalability: The server can be scaled up or down as needed to accommodate changes in demand or user needs. 3. Resource sharing: The server allows resources to be shared among multiple clients, which can improve efficiency and reduce costs. 4. Security: The server can provide centralized security controls and authentication mechanisms to ensure that only authorized users can access the resources or services provided. 5. Data integrity: The server can enforce data integrity by managing access and updates to shared data resources, such as databases or file systems.

Disadvantages of Client Server System 1. Single point of failure: The server can be a single point of failure for the entire system, as the failure of the server can cause the entire system to be unavailable. 2. Network dependency: The client computers are dependent on the network to access the server, which can result in performance issues or downtime if the network experiences problems. 3. Cost: Setting up and maintaining a client-server system can be expensive, as it requires specialized hardware, software, and personnel to manage and maintain the system. 4. Complexity: Client-server systems can be complex to design, implement, and maintain, requiring specialized knowledge and expertise.

Client Server programming architecture Client-server programming architecture is a type of computer network architecture in which clients (end-user devices such as personal computers, smartphones, or tablets) communicate with a central server over a network. The server provides various services or resources to the clients upon their requests. The client-server architecture is based on a model where the client and server applications communicate with each other over a network connection, using standardized communication protocols. The server provides services such as file sharing, printing, database management, email, or web hosting, while the clients make requests for these services. Types: 1) 2 tier 2) 3 tier

2 Tier A 2 tier architecture refers to a software architecture in which a presentation layer runs on a client and a data layer is available on a server. Separating these two components into two different physical locations results in a two-tier architecture, as opposed to a single-tier architecture. The application on the client-side establishes a connection with the server in order to communicate with the data layer. The server-side is responsible for providing query processing and transaction management functionalities. On the client-side, the user interface and application programs are run. Two-tiered application examples include desktop applications, games, and music players The 2 tier architecture has two tiers which are: ● Client tier that represents the clients. ● Data tier that holds the database server.

2 Tier Advantages ● Simple architecture ● Easy maintenance due to limited clients Disadvantages ● No scalability ● Less security

3 Tier A 3 tier architecture refers to a software architecture in which the user presentation interface, the business logic and the data storage server are developed and maintained as independent modules on separate hardware platforms. The client does not directly communicate with the database server. Instead, the client interacts with an application server which further communicates with the data tier which contains the database server that is used for query processing and transaction management. The business tier serves as a medium for the exchange for partially processed data between the database server and the client. A three-tier architecture often allows any one of the three tiers to be upgraded or replaced independently. The three tiers of this software architecture are: ● Presentation tier which represents the clients. ● Business tier which acts as an intermediary for partially processed data. ● Data tier which holds the database server.

3 tier Advantages ● Scalability ● Security Disadvantages ● Maintenance

Web based programming Web-based programming is a type of programming that involves the development of software applications that run on web browsers. In web- based programming, web technologies such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and server-side scripting languages are used to create dynamic and interactive web pages. A web application (web app) does not need to be downloaded and is instead accessed through a network.

Advantages of Web based Programming 1. Cross-platform compatibility: Web applications can be accessed from any device with an internet connection and a web browser, regardless of the operating system or hardware. 2. Easy deployment and maintenance: Web applications are easy to deploy and update, as changes can be made on the server-side and propagated to all users. 3. Scalability: Web applications can be easily scaled to handle increased traffic by adding more servers or cloud resources. 4. Reduced development time: Web development frameworks and libraries can help reduce the time and effort required to develop web applications.

Disadvantages of Web based Programming 1. Limited functionality: Web applications are limited in terms of the functionality they can provide compared to native applications. 2. Security vulnerabilities: Web applications can be vulnerable to security threats such as cross-site scripting, SQL injection, and session hijacking. 3. Network dependency: Web applications are dependent on network connectivity, which can result in performance issues or downtime if the network experiences problems. 4. Browser compatibility: Different web browsers may interpret web code differently, which can result in inconsistent user experiences.

Web based Programming Languages 1. Front End a. Client Side i. Hml ii. Css iii. Javascript(React.js) b. Server Side i. Ruby on Rails ii. PHP iii. C# iv. Java v. Python vi. Javascript(Node.js)

Platform Independent System Platform independent refers to software that runs on a variety of operating systems or hardware platforms. Platform independence is a term that describes a technology (usually a Programming Language or a FrameWork) that you can use to implement things on one machine and use them on another machine without (or with minimal) changes. It is the opposite of platform dependent, which refers to software that is only to run on one operating system or hardware platform. An example of platform-independent software is Microsoft Windows, which also runs on Mac systems. Because platform-independent software works across different computing environments, businesses don't have to maintain multiple versions of a type of program.

Platform Independent System Platform: Hardware+Software Processor + System software(OS)

Advantages of Platform independent system Reduced development time and cost: Platform independent systems can be developed once and then deployed on multiple platforms, reducing the time and cost of development. Increased flexibility: Platform independent systems can be used on a wide range of hardware and operating system platforms, giving users more flexibility in their choice of platform. Improved portability: Platform independent systems can be easily ported to different platforms, making it easier to move applications from one platform to another. Improved interoperability: Platform independent systems can communicate with different platforms and applications, improving interoperability between systems.

Mobile Computing Languages Mobile computing languages are programming languages specifically designed for developing applications that run on mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, and wearables. Some of the mobile programming languages are: ● Java ● Kotlin ● Swift ● Objective-C ● JavaScript (React Native and Ionic Framework) ● C# (Xamarin) ● Dart (Flutter)

Java Java is one of the most widely used languages for Android app development. It offers platform independence, strong community support, and a rich set of libraries and tools through the Android SDK (Software Development Kit). Java is known for its security features and scalability, making it suitable for developing a wide range of applications from simple utilities to complex enterprise solutions.

Kotlin Kotlin is a modern programming language developed by JetBrains and officially supported by Google as an alternative to Java for Android development. Kotlin offers concise syntax, null safety, and seamless interoperability with existing Java code, making it increasingly popular among Android developers for its productivity and readability.

Swift Swift is Apple's programming language for iOS, macOS, watchOS, and tvOS app development. It is designed to be fast, safe, and expressive, with modern features such as optionals, generics, and closures. Swift simplifies iOS app development by offering powerful APIs, automatic memory management with ARC (Automatic Reference Counting), and interactive debugging with Playgrounds.

Objective-C While Swift has largely replaced Objective-C as the primary language for iOS and macOS development, Objective-C remains relevant due to its extensive legacy codebase and existing projects. Objective-C is a superset of C with object-oriented features and dynamic runtime capabilities, making it suitable for developing high-performance, native iOS applications.

JavaScript (React Native and Ionic Framework) JavaScript is a versatile language commonly used for web development, but it has also gained traction for building cross-platform mobile applications using frameworks like React Native and Ionic. React Native allows developers to write mobile apps using JavaScript and React, with the advantage of reusing code across iOS and Android platforms while maintaining a native look and feel. Ionic is another popular framework that leverages web technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to build hybrid mobile apps with a single codebase.

C# (Xamarin) Xamarin is a cross-platform mobile development framework that enables developers to build native iOS, Android, and Windows apps using C# and the .NET framework. Xamarin allows code sharing across platforms, access to native APIs, and seamless integration with Visual Studio, making it a preferred choice for organizations with existing .NET investments or developers familiar with C#.

Dart (Flutter) Flutter is Google's UI toolkit for building natively compiled applications for mobile, web, and desktop from a single codebase. Flutter uses Dart as its programming language, offering features like hot reload for fast development, expressive and flexible UI components, and high- performance rendering. Flutter's layered architecture enables pixel-perfect designs, smooth animations, and rapid development cycles, making it suitable for building beautiful and performant mobile apps.

Internet of Things(IOT) The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet. Most simply, it refers to physical objects linked through wired and wireless networks. More specifically, it refers to the collection of internet-connected devices that are able to communicate autonomously over the internet, without needing a person to initiate the communication. Imagine you have a bunch of everyday objects like your fridge, your car, your watch, and even your home lights. Now, imagine if all these things could talk to each other, share information, and work together to make your life easier. That's basically the idea behind the "Internet of Things," or IoT for short.

Key Concepts 1. Data: Data is like the fuel for IoT. It's the information we gather about the world around us. 2. Device: Devices are the physical things in IoT, like sensors or gadgets, that gather this information. 3. Analytics: Analytics is what we do with all that data we collect. It's the process of turning raw information into helpful insights we can actually use. 4. Connectivity: This is what lets everything in IoT talk to each other. It's what makes it possible for devices to share their data and for us to access those insights. Think of it as the internet part of the Internet of Things.

Applications of IoT Smart Home IoT can make your home smarter by connecting devices like lights, thermostats, and security cameras to the internet. This allows you to control them remotely using your smartphone or set them to automate tasks based on your preferences. Healthcare In healthcare, IoT devices like wearable fitness trackers and remote patient monitoring systems can collect data on vital signs, activity levels, and medication adherence. This information can help doctors monitor patients more effectively and provide personalized care.

Applications of IoT Industrial IoT (IIoT) In industries like manufacturing, IoT devices can be used to monitor equipment health, track inventory in real-time, and optimize production processes. This can increase efficiency, reduce downtime, and lower operational costs. Agriculture IoT sensors can monitor soil moisture levels, weather conditions, and crop health to help farmers make data-driven decisions about irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. This can increase crop yields and reduce water and pesticide usage.

Applications of IoT Transportation and Logistics IoT can improve transportation and logistics operations by providing real-time tracking of vehicles and shipments, optimizing routes to reduce fuel consumption and delivery times, and monitoring vehicle performance to prevent breakdowns. Smart Cities IoT can be used to improve the efficiency of city infrastructure and services. For example, sensors in traffic lights can optimize traffic flow, smart meters can monitor and manage energy usage, and waste management systems can optimize garbage collection routes.

Applications of IoT Retail IoT can enhance the retail experience by enabling features like smart shelves that track inventory levels, personalized marketing based on customer preferences and location, and cashierless checkout systems that streamline the shopping process.

Cloud Computing Cloud computing combination of various existing techniques and technologies wrapped with in a new infrastructure style, providing improved scalability, flexibility, faster start-up, reduced management costs, and on- demand resource availability. The cloud is typically a large data center.

Types of Cloud Services Software-as-a-service (SaaS) involves the licensure of a software application to customers. Licenses are typically provided through a pay-as-you-go model or on- demand. This type of system can be found in Microsoft Office's 365,Google drive. Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) involves a method for delivering everything from operating systems to servers and storage through IP-based connectivity as part of an on-demand service. Clients can avoid the need to purchase software or servers, and instead procure these resources in an outsourced, on-demand service. Popular examples of the IaaS system include IBM Cloud and Microsoft Azure, AWS

Types of Cloud Computing Platform-as-a-service (PaaS) is considered the most complex of the three layers of cloud-based computing. PaaS shares some similarities with SaaS, the primary difference being that instead of delivering software online, it is actually a platform for creating software that is delivered via the Internet. This model includes platforms like Salesforce.com and Heroku,Google App Engine.

Cloud Deployment Models Cloud Deployment Model functions as a virtual computing environment with a deployment architecture that varies depending on the amount of data you want to store and who has access to the infrastructure. As you create your cloud deployment strategy, consider how cost, privacy, and availability will affect the placement of each application or service your business uses. Cloud deployment models indicate how the cloud services are made available to users.

Cloud Deployment Models 1. Public Cloud The public cloud enables universal access to systems and services, potentially compromising security due to its openness to all users. In this cloud model, infrastructure services are delivered over the internet to the general public or specific industry sectors. The infrastructure is owned by the service provider rather than the consumer, exemplifying a form of cloud hosting where multiple customers can easily access systems and services. Notable examples include Google App Engine. Amazon Web Services

Cloud Deployment Models Public Cloud

Advantages of Public Cloud ● Enhanced Security: Private clouds offer dedicated resources and infrastructure, resulting in better control over security measures and data protection. ● Customization: Organizations have the flexibility to tailor the private cloud environment to meet specific business needs and compliance requirements. ● Performance Optimization: Private clouds allow for optimized performance since resources are not shared with other users, ensuring consistent and reliable performance for critical applications. ● Regulatory Compliance: Private clouds provide a secure environment that helps organizations comply with industry regulations and data privacy laws. ● Enhanced Reliability: With dedicated resources, private clouds minimize the risk of downtime and service disruptions, enhancing overall reliability.

Disadvantages of Public Cloud ● Higher Cost: Setting up and maintaining a private cloud infrastructure can be expensive due to the need for dedicated hardware, software, and personnel. ● Limited Scalability: Private clouds may have limited scalability compared to public clouds since resources are finite and may require additional investment to scale up. ● Complexity: Managing a private cloud infrastructure requires specialized expertise and resources, leading to increased complexity in deployment and maintenance. ● Potential Underutilization: Private clouds may suffer from resource underutilization if not properly optimized, leading to inefficient use of hardware and increased costs. ● Reduced Flexibility: Unlike public clouds, private clouds may offer less flexibility in terms of resource allocation and dynamic scaling, limiting agility in responding to changing business needs.

Cloud Deployment Models 2. Private Cloud True to its name, a private cloud is typically infrastructure used by a single organization. Such infrastructure may be managed by the organization itself to support various user groups, or it could be managed by a service provider that takes care of it either on-site or off-site. Private clouds are more expensive than public clouds due to the capital expenditure involved in acquiring and maintaining them. However, private clouds are better able to address the security and privacy concerns of organizations today. e.g.OpenStack, Microsoft Azure Stack, and Cisco Secure Cloud Architecture

Cloud Deployment Models Private Cloud

Cloud Deployment Models 3. Hybrid Cloud Hybrid cloud computing offers the ideal blend of both public and private cloud environments through proprietary software integration. This approach allows hosting applications in a secure environment while capitalizing on the cost- effectiveness of the public cloud. Enterprises can seamlessly transfer data and applications across various cloud deployments, leveraging a combination of two or more cloud deployment strategies based on their specific requirements.

Cloud Deployment Models 3. Hybrid Cloud

Cloud Deployment Models 4. Community Cloud It allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations. It is a distributed system that is created by integrating the services of different clouds to address the specific needs of a community, industry, or business. The infrastructure of the community could be shared between the organization which has shared concerns or tasks. It is generally managed by a third party or by the combination of one or more organizations in the community. Healthcare Information Exchange (HIE) platform. This platform is shared among multiple healthcare organizations, such as hospitals, clinics, and medical laboratories, within a specific community or region.

Cloud Deployment Models 4. Community Cloud

UNIT 5- Standalone and Client Server Programming Concept

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UNIT 5- Standalone and Client Server Programming Concept