Internet and open source concepts

By SACHIDANANDA M H Lecturer in COMPUTER SCIENCE Reference: NCERT text book and internet sources

Introduction  Broadly the term “open source” is used to refer to those categories of software/programs whose licenses do not impose much condition.  Such software, generally, give users freedom to run/use the software for any purpose.  There are many categories of software that may be referred to as open source software

Free Software  Free software means the software is freely accessible and can be freely used, changed, improved, copied and distributed by all who wish to do so. No payments are needed.  More precisely, it refers to four kinds of freedom, for the user of the software. 1. To run the program. 2. To study how the program works and adapt it to your needs. 3. Redistribute copies. 4. Improve program

Open source software  Open source software, on the other hand, can be freely used but it does not have to be free of charge.  What is important to know here is that in open source software, the source code is freely available to the customer.  The distribution terms of open source software must comply with the following criteria. 1. Free distribution: The license shall not restrict any party from selling away the software as a component of aggregate software distribution containing programs from several different sources. 2. Source code : The program must include source code and must allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form.

3. Derived works: The license must allow modifications and derived works. 4. No discriminations among persons or groups. 5. No discrimination against fields of Endeavor 6. Distribution of license: The rights attached to the program must apply to all whom the program is redistributed. 7. License must not be specific to a product. 8. The license must not restrict other software. 9.License must be technologically neutral: No provision of the license may be predicated on any individual technology or style of interface.

OSS and FLOSS  OSS refers to Open Source Software, which refers to software whose source code is available to customers and it can be modified and redistributed without any limitations. An OSS ,ay come free of cost or with a payment of nominal charges.  FLOSS refers to Free Libre and Open Source Software or to Free Livre and Open Source Software. The term FLOSS is used to refer to software which is both free software as well as open source software. Here the words Libre(a spanish word) and Livre(a Portuguese word) mean freedom.

GNU  GNU refers to GNU’s not UNIX, GNU project emphasizes on freedom and thus its logo type shows a gnu an animal living in freedom. FSF  FSF is Free Software Foundation. FSF is a non profit organization created for the purpose of supporting free software movement.  Richard Stallman founded FSF in 1985 to support GNU project and GNU licenses.  FSF has founded many software developers to write free software.

OSI  OSI is Open Source Initiative. It is an organization dedicated to cause of promoting open source software.  Bruce Perens and Erics Raymond were the founders of OSI that was founded in February 1998.

W3C  W3C is acronym for World Wide Web Consortium.  W3C is responsible for producing the software standards for World Wide Web.  Created in 1994. Proprietary Software  It is a software that is neither open nor freely available.  Its use is regulated and further distribution and modification is either forbidden or requires special permission by the supplier or vendor.  Source code is not available.

Freeware  The term freeware has no clear definition, but is generally used for software, which is available free of cost and which allows copying and further distribution, but not modification and whose source code is not available. Shareware  Shareware is software, which is made available with the right to redistribute copies, but it is stipulated that if one intends to use the software, often after a certain period of time, then a license fee should be paid. i. In shareware the source code is not available. ii. Modifications to the software are not allowed.

WWW  World Wide Web is a set of protocols that allows you to access any document on the net through a naming system based on URLs.  WWW also specifies a way-the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) to request and send a document over the internet. Telnet  Telnet is an older Internet utility that lets you log on to remote computer systems.  Basically, a telnet program gives you a character-based terminal window on the another system. You get a login prompt on that system.  Telnet has been used by people who have logins on remote systems and want to do serious work there.  Most notably, you can use telnet to connect to thousands of catalogs at libraries around the world.

Web Browser  A web browser is a WWW client that navigates through the World Wide Web and displays web pages.  Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator are the examples. Web Server  Web Server is a WWW server that responds to the requests made by web browsers.  Each website has a unique address called URL.

Web page  The documents residing on web sites are called Web Pages. The Web pages use HTTP. 1. Home Page: It is the top level web page of a web site. 2. Web Portal: It is a web site, which hosts other web sites. URL and Domain names  The internet structure of the World Wide Web is built on a set of rules called HTTP and a page description language called HTML.  HTTP uses internet addresses in a special format called a Uniform Resource Locator. URL looks like this: type://address/path. Where, type: specifies the type of the server in which the file is located. address: address of the server. path: Tells the location of the file on server.

Some most common domains  Eg., http://www.pue.kar.nic.in. Here that last ‘in’suggests that it is based in India.(.in)Sl.no Domain ID Affiliation 1 com Commercial 2 edu Education 3 gov Government 4 mil Military 5 net Network Resources 6 org Non-profit organization 7 co Company 8 bz Business

Electronic Commerce  E-Commerce is the trade of goods and services with the help of telecommunications and computers.  It is sophisticated combination of technologies and consumer-based services integrated to form a new paradigm in business transaction processing. Some of the technologies and services used in e-commerce are: 1. Electronic Data interchange(EDI) 2. Email 3. Electronic Funds Transfer(EFT) 4. Electronic Benefits Transfer(EBT) 5. Electronic forms(Online admissions forms for colleges) 6. Digital Cash(DC) 7. Interoperable database access. 8. Bulletin Boards(BBs)

9. Electronic BankingI(EB) 10. Bar-coding -2D, imaging, voice recognition. 11.Security Services such as firewalls, encryption, gateways etc..

Types of e-commerce applications 1. Business-to-business(B2B): The exchange of services, information and/or products from one business to another Business partners. Ex: Ebay.com 2. Business-to-Consumer(B2C): The exchange of services, information and/or product from a business to consumer. 3. Consumer-to-Business(C2B): Customer directly contact with business vendors by posting their project work with set budge online so that the needy companies review it and contact the customer directly with bid. Ex: freelancer.com 4. Consumer-to-Consumer(C2C): Electronic commerce is an internet facilitated form of busness.

How does eCommerce work?  The merchant submits a credit card transaction to the NMAPAY Payment gateway on behalf of a customer via secure Web site connection, retail store, MOTO center or wireless device.  NMAPAY receives the secure transaction information and passes it via a secure connection to the merchant Bank’s processor.  National Merchants Association submits the transaction to the credit card network.  The Credit Card Network routes the transaction to the Customer’s Credit Card Issuing Bank.

 The customer’s Credit Card Issuing Bank approves or declines the transaction based on the customer’s available funds and passes the transaction results back to Credit Card Networks.  The Credit Card Network Relays the transactions results ton NMA.  NMA relays the transaction results through NMAPAY(Website).  NMAPAY stores the transaction results and sends them to the customer and/or merchant.  NMA sends the appropriate funds for the transaction to the Credit Card Network, which passes the funds to the Merchant’s bank.

Advantages of eCommerce application and implementation  Easier entry into new markets, especially geographically remote markets.  Creates new markets through the ability to easily and economical rate potential for customers.  Global participation.  Reduce time to complete transaction, particularly from delivery to payment.  Optimization of resources.  Improved marketing intelligence and strategic planning.

IPR-Intellectual Property Rights in India  IPR-related issues in India like patents, trademarks, copyrights, designs and geographical indications are governed by the Patents Act 1970 and Patent rules 2003, Trademarks Act 1999 and the Trademark Rules 2002, Indian Copyrights Act, 1957,Design Act 2000 and Rules 2001 and the Geographical Indications of Goods Act 1999 and Rules 2002.  IPR plays a key role in almost every sector and has become a crucial factor for investment decisions by many companies.  All the above Acts and regulations are at par with international standards.  INDIA is now in TRIPS-compliant. This is an international agreement administered by the World Trade Organization(WTO)

 The very well balanced IPR regime in India acts as an incentive for foreign players to protect their Intellectual Property in India.  This can be achieved by the very fact that approximately 80% of patent fillings in India are from MNCs.  IPR are considered to achieve economic, social and technological advancement that protects the ideas and stimulates innovation, design and helps to the creation of technology.  The function of IPR regime is also to facilitate the transfer of technology in the form of joint ventures and licensing.  The social purpose of IPR is to provide protection for the results of investment in the development of new technology, thus giving the incentive and means of finance for further research and development of knowledge base

Internet and open source concepts

Internet and open source concepts

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Internet and open source concepts