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Database Design Slide 1
- 1. Database Systems Basic Concepts Dr. Ali H. El-Bastawissy Faculty of computers and Informatics Cairo University
- 2. Unit01 Outlines Typesof Databases and Database Applications Basic Definitions Typical DBMS Functionality Examples of a Database Main Characteristics of the Database Approach Database Users Advantages of Using the Database Approach When Not to Use Databases
- 3. Definitions Data: known facts that can be recorded Database : a collection of data represents some aspect of the real world logically coherent collection (not a random collection) designed, built & populated for a specific purpose Database Management System : the software that manages the data
- 4. Database Systems DataIntegrity, Data definition, DBMS Payroll Grades Schedules Data Definition
- 5. Characteristics of theDatabase Approach insulation of programs & data support of multiple user views use of a catalog to support database descriptions DB A collection of described and interrelated data stored and managed by general purpose DBMS
- 6. DBMS Functions DataDictionary Data Storage Management Data Transformation and Presentation Security Multi-user Access Control Backup and Recovery Data Integrity Database Access Language Database Communication Interface
- 7. Database System EnvironmentApplication Programs/Queries Software: Query Processing & Programs Software: Data Access DBMS Software Database System Users/Programmers Database Definition Database
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- 9. Database Players DBAaccess authorization, coordination & monitoring database usage, problem determination, performance tuning etc Designers identify the requirements & chose the appropriate structures to represent & store the data Users (Casual, parametric, Sophisticated, stand-alone) System analysts & application programmers DBMS system designers & implementers Tool developers Operators & maintenance personnel
- 10. DBMS Interfaces Menu-basedInterfaces for browsing Forms-based Interfaces GUIs Natural Language Interfaces Specialized Interfaces Interfaces for the DBA Query Language
- 11. Classification of DBMSsData Model Classification relational, network, hierarchical, object-oriented Number of users single user or multi-user Number of Sites centralized vs distributed Cost of the DBMS
- 12. Areas of DatabaseStudy DBMS software Database Design Query Languages Application Programming Database Administration Data Warehousing & Data Mining
- 13. Costs of usinga DBMS: High initial investment and possible need for additional hardware. Overhead for providing generality, security, concurrency control, recovery, and integrity functions. When a DBMS may be unnecessary: If the database and applications are simple, well defined, and not expected to change. If there are stringent real-time requirements that may not be met because of DBMS overhead. If access to data by multiple users is not required. When not to use a DBMS
- 14. When no DBMSmay suffice: If the database system is not able to handle the complexity of data because of modeling limitations If the database users need special operations not supported by the DBMS. When not to use a DBMS
- 15. Data Model Acollection of concepts that can be used to define the DB structure (data items& types, relationships, operations|behavior, and constraints). Some Data Models: Entity Relationship model Relational Model hierarchical & network models object-data models
- 16. Physical Models Categoriesof Data Models Conceptual Models Entities, attributes & relationships Implementation Models Record Structures Record formats, record orderings, access paths
- 17. Conceptual (high-level, semantic)data models: Provide concepts that are close to the way many users perceive data. (Also called entity-based or object-based data models.) Physical (low-level, internal) data models: Provide concepts that describe details of how data is stored in the computer. These are usually specified in an ad-hoc manner through DBMS design and administration manuals Implementation (representational) data models: Provide concepts that fall between the above two, used by many commercial DBMS implementations (e.g. relational data models used in many commercial systems). Categories of Data Models
- 18. Three-Schema Architecture ExternalView #1 External View #2 External View #n Conceptual Schema Internal Schema mapping mapping Stored database ...
- 19. Defines DBMS schemasat three levels: Internal schema at the internal level to describe physical storage structures and access paths (e.g indexes). Typically uses a physical data model. Conceptual schema at the conceptual level to describe the structure and constraints for the whole database for a community of users. Uses a conceptual or an implementation data model. External schemas at the external level to describe the various user views. Usually uses the same data model as the conceptual schema. Three-Schema Architecture
- 20. Three-Schema Architecture Mappingsamong schema levels are needed to transform requests and data. Programs refer to an external schema, and are mapped by the DBMS to the internal schema for execution. Data extracted from the internal DBMS level is reformatted to match the user’s external view (e.g. formatting the results of an SQL query for display in a Web page)
- 21. Data Independence Logicaldata independence - ability to change the conceptual schema without having to change the external schemas or application programs Physical data independence - ability to change the internal schema without having to change the conceptual (or external) schemas.
- 22. DBMS Languages DDL: D ata D efinition L anguage used to define/change the structure of the database (SDDL, CDDL, VDDL) DML: D ata M anipulation L anguage used to query the database, insert data, change data or delete data (Nonprocedural|procedural (embedded) DML) (set-at-a-time |record-at-a-time DML)
- 23. DBMS Architectures CentralizedDBMS: Combines everything into single system including- DBMS software, hardware, application programs, and user interface processing software. User can still connect through a remote terminal – however, all processing is done at centralized site.
- 24. DBMS Architectures Basic2-tier Client-Server Architectures Specialized Servers with Specialized functions Print server File server DBMS server Web server Email server Clients can access the specialized servers as needed
- 25. Logical two-tier clientserver architecture
- 26. Clients Provide appropriateinterfaces through a client software module to access and utilize the various server resources. Clients may be diskless machines or PCs or Workstations with disks with only the client software installed. Connected to the servers via some form of a network. (LAN: local area network, wireless network, etc.)
- 27. DBMS Server Providesdatabase query and transaction services to the clients Relational DBMS servers are often called SQL servers, query servers, or transaction servers Applications running on clients utilize an Application Program Interface ( API ) to access server databases via standard interface such as: ODBC: Open Database Connectivity standard JDBC: for Java programming access Client and server must install appropriate client module and server module software for ODBC or JDBC
- 28. DBMS Architectures ThreeTier Client-Server Architecture Common for Web applications Intermediate Layer called Application Server or Web Server: Stores the web connectivity software and the business logic part of the application used to access the corresponding data from the database server Acts like a conduit for sending partially processed data between the database server and the client. Three-tier Architecture Can Enhance Security: Database server only accessible via middle tier Clients cannot directly access database server
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- 30. Summary Types ofDatabases and Database Applications Basic Definitions Typical DBMS Functionality Examples of a Database Main Characteristics of the Database Approach Database Users Advantages of Using the Database Approach When Not to Use Databases
- 31. Summary Data Modelsand Their Categories History of Data Models Schemas, Instances, and States Three-Schema Architecture Data Independence DBMS Languages and Interfaces Classification of DBMSs Database System Utilities and Tools Centralized and Client-Server Architectures
- 32. Questions Dr. AliH. El-Bastawissy Faculty of computers and Informatics Cairo University DB Unit 01 Intro Finish Line