3.2 process text streams using filters

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed System Administration

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Key Knowledge Areas Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package. Unix Commands Process text streams using filters Terms and Utilities Cat cut expand fmt head od join nl paste pr sed sort split tail tr uniq wc unexpand 2

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Text filters are commands which receive stream of data in, and send out a stream of modified data. The filters either select, sort, reformat, or summarize the data that they receive. And are at the heart of UNIX shell scripting. Text Filters Overview 3 When using text filtering commands, some of the more interesting files to play around with are these, which you are fairly sure to have on your system: /etc/services list of TCP/IP service numbers /etc/passwd list of users on your system /etc/protocols list of IP based protocols /etc/profile default login script /etc/inittab configuration file for init.

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Rundown of commands for Process text steams using filters: commands Overview 4 • cat – concatenate files (or just show a single file without alteration) • cut – cut chosen text out of each line of a file and display it. • expand – expand tabs into spaces • fmt – reformat a text file with a consistent right margin • head – show the first few (10) lines of a file • join – join lines of two files on a common field • nl – print the file with numbered lines • od – octal dump of a file (or hexadecimal). • paste – print a number of files side by side • pr – format for printing (split into pages or columns and add headers) • sed – stream editor (search and replace, append, cut, delete and more) • sort – sort in alphabetical order (and numerical order too) • split – split a single input into multiple files • tac – print the lines of a file from back to front (backwards cat) • tail – print the last few lines of a file • tr – character translation (e.g. upper case to lower case). • unexpand – convert spaces to tabs (unlike expand). • uniq – remove duplicate lines from a sorted file • wc – word count (and line count, and byte count)

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Bash makes it possible to redirect the input and output of a command. •Input - comes from the keyboard (ended by pressing Ctrl+D), •Output and any errors - are displayed on the screen. Redirection can change the input of a process, its output and the destination of the errors. Input and output redirection 5 Redirection Effect of redirection cmd < file Command reads input from a file cmd > file Output of command goes to file cmd 2> file Errors from the command go to a file cmd >> file Output of a command is added to a file cmd > file 2>&1 Output and Errors go to a file cmd >& file cmd &> file cmd1 | cmd2 Output from command1 is input for command2

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Input and output redirection 6 $ ls > file # pipe output to "file“ $ cat < file # read input from file and write to .. $ ls -la | grep file # search output of ls using grep $ cat /etc/passwd | sed 's/:.*//' # filter output of cat through sed $ badcommandorfilename 2> errorlog # send errors to a file $ grep pop3 /etc/* 2>/dev/null # send errors to the bit bucket $ grep pop3 /etc/* 2>&1 | less # send errors(2) along with stdout(1) $ less < errorlog # less gets input from file $ less errorlog # less sees file name (look at prompt) Ex:

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters cat – concatenate Selecting parts of a file (Filters that print out various parts of the input they receive) 7 foo:~ $ cat /etc/crontab SHELL=/bin/sh PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/lib/news/bin MAILTO=root # # check scripts in cron.hourly, cron.daily, cron.weekly, and cron.monthly # -*/15 * * * * root test -x /usr/lib/cron/run-crons && /usr/lib/cron/run-crons >/dev/null 2>&1 59 * * * * root rm -f /var/spool/cron/lastrun/cron.hourly 14 0 * * * root rm -f /var/spool/cron/lastrun/cron.daily 29 0 * * 6 root rm -f /var/spool/cron/lastrun/cron.weekly 44 0 1 * * root rm -f /var/spool/cron/lastrun/cron.monthly Ex: cat prints out an entire file.

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters 8 foo:~/tmp $ cat /etc/passwd /etc/group /etc/protocols foo:~/tmp $ echo hello > file1 foo:~/tmp $ echo there > file2 foo:~/tmp $ cat file1 hello foo:~/tmp $ cat file2 there foo:~/tmp $ cat file1 file2 file1 hello there hello Ex: cat can also join a number of files together. This works for text files and binary files. Selecting parts of a file (Filters that print out various parts of the input they receive)

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters head – print out the first lines Selecting parts of a file (Filters that print out various parts of the input they receive) 9 foo:~ # head /var/log/boot.log Apr 7 08:28:22 foo allrc: syslogd startup succeeded Apr 7 08:28:22 foo allrc: klogd startup succeeded Apr 7 08:28:23 foo allrc: portmap startup succeeded Apr 7 08:27:56 foo rc.sysinit: Mounting proc filesystem: succeeded Apr 7 08:27:56 foo rc.sysinit: Unmounting initrd: succeeded Apr 7 08:27:56 foo sysctl: net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0 Apr 7 08:27:56 foo sysctl: net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1 Apr 7 08:27:56 foo sysctl: kernel.sysrq = 0 Apr 7 08:28:26 foo lpd: execvp: No such file or directory Apr 7 08:27:56 foo sysctl: kernel.core_uses_pid = 1 Ex: By default head prints out the first 10 lines of a file.

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Selecting parts of a file (Filters that print out various parts of the input they receive) 10 foo:~ $ ls -l / | head -n 6 total 232 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 21 15:49 bin drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Jan 7 10:25 boot drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 20480 Jan 10 11:35 data drwxr-xr-x 21 root root 118784 Apr 7 08:28 dev drwxr-xr-x 64 root root 8192 Apr 7 08:28 etc Ex: head can print out a specific number of lines from a file or a stream. use head to extract an exact number of bytes from an input stream (rather than lines). Here's how to get a copy of the partition sector of a disk (be careful with that redirection). foo:~ # head -c 512 < /dev/hda > mbr foo:~ # ls -la mbr -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 512 Apr 7 10:27 mbr

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters tail – show the end of a file Selecting parts of a file (Filters that print out various parts of the input they receive) 11 root@foo:root # tail /var/log/messages Apr 7 11:19:34 foo dhcpd: Wrote 9 leases to leases file. Apr 7 11:19:34 foo dhcpd: DHCPREQUEST for 10.0.0.169 from 00:80:ad:02:65:7c via eth0 Apr 7 11:19:35 foo dhcpd: DHCPACK on 10.0.0.169 to 00:80:ad:02:65:7c via eth0 Apr 7 11:20:01 foo kdm[1151]: Cannot convert Internet address 10.0.0.168 to host name Apr 7 11:26:46 foo ipop3d[22026]: connect from 10.0.0.10 (10.0.0.10) Apr 7 11:26:55 foo ipop3d[22028]: connect from 10.0.0.10 (10.0.0.10) Apr 7 11:26:58 foo ipop3d[22035]: connect from 10.0.0.3 (10.0.0.3) Apr 7 11:27:01 foo ipop3d[22036]: connect from 10.0.0.3 (10.0.0.3) Apr 7 11:29:31 foo kdm[21954]: pam_unix2: session started for user joe, service xdm Apr 7 11:32:41 foo sshd[22316]: Accepted publickey for root from 10.0.0.143 port 1250 ssh2 Ex: tail is just like head, but it shows the tail end of the file. tail can be used to watch a file as it grows. Run the command tail –f /var/log/messages on one console and then log in on another virtual console. tail –n 20 file or tail -20 file will show last 20 lines of file. tail –c 20 file will show last 20 characters of a file.

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters cut – pull out columns Selecting parts of a file (Filters that print out various parts of the input they receive) 12 root@foo:root # tail /var/log/messages Apr 7 11:19:34 foo dhcpd: Wrote 9 leases to leases file. Apr 7 11:19:34 foo dhcpd: DHCPREQUEST for 10.0.0.169 from 00:80:ad:02:65:7c via eth0 Apr 7 11:19:35 foo dhcpd: DHCPACK on 10.0.0.169 to 00:80:ad:02:65:7c via eth0 Apr 7 11:20:01 foo kdm[1151]: Cannot convert Internet address 10.0.0.168 to host name Apr 7 11:26:46 foo ipop3d[22026]: connect from 10.0.0.10 (10.0.0.10) Apr 7 11:26:55 foo ipop3d[22028]: connect from 10.0.0.10 (10.0.0.10) Apr 7 11:26:58 foo ipop3d[22035]: connect from 10.0.0.3 (10.0.0.3) Apr 7 11:27:01 foo ipop3d[22036]: connect from 10.0.0.3 (10.0.0.3) Apr 7 11:29:31 foo kdm[21954]: pam_unix2: session started for user joe, service xdm Apr 7 11:32:41 foo sshd[22316]: Accepted publickey for root from 10.0.0.143 port 1250 ssh2 Ex: Cut can be used to select certain columns of the input stream. Columns can be defined by either their position, or by being separated by field separators.

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters cut can also select based on fields which are separated from each other by field separators. useful in dealing with files like /etc/passwd where each field is separated from the others by a colon Selecting parts of a file (Filters that print out various parts of the input they receive) 13 foo:~ # head /etc/passwd | cut -d : -f 1,3-4 root:0:0 bin:1:1 daemon:2:2 adm:3:4 lp:4:7 sync:5:0 shutdown:6:0 halt:7:0 poweroff:0:0 mail:8:12 Ex:

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters split – split a file into multiple parts Selecting parts of a file (Filters that print out various parts of the input they receive) 14 foo:~ $ split -l 66 /etc/services foo:~ $ wc x* 66 341 2158 xaa 66 353 2362 xab 66 268 2030 xac 66 275 2011 xad 66 352 2441 xae 66 322 2348 xaf 66 367 2870 xag 66 318 2245 xah 39 202 1426 xai 567 2798 19891 total Ex: Split can be used to split a file into multiple parts. If you have a desire to print /etc/services you may want to print it on a printer which prints 66 lines per page.

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Split can split files into more manageable parts, e.g. for FTP uploads. The parts can be recombined with cat. Selecting parts of a file (Filters that print out various parts of the input they receive) 15 foo:~/download $ ls -la anomy-sanitizer-1.56.tar.gz -rw-rw-r-- 1 georgem georgem 124356 Oct 22 18:37 anomysanitizer-1.56.tar.gz foo:~/download $ split -b 32k anomy-sanitizer-1.56.tar.gz foo:~/download $ ls -la x* -rw-rw-r-- 1 georgem georgem 32768 Apr 7 11:48 xaa -rw-rw-r-- 1 georgem georgem 32768 Apr 7 11:48 xab -rw-rw-r-- 1 georgem georgem 32768 Apr 7 11:48 xac -rw-rw-r-- 1 georgem georgem 26052 Apr 7 11:48 xad Ex: Here's how to use cat to recombine parts (using md5sum to check whether the whole is equal to the sum of the parts). foo:~/download $ split -b 32k anomy-sanitizer-1.56.tar.gz part- foo:~/download $ ls -la part-* -rw-rw-r-- 1 georgem georgem 32768 Apr 7 11:49 part-aa -rw-rw-r-- 1 georgem georgem 32768 Apr 7 11:49 part-ab -rw-rw-r-- 1 georgem georgem 32768 Apr 7 11:49 part-ac -rw-rw-r-- 1 georgem georgem 26052 Apr 7 11:49 part-ad foo:~/download $ cat part-* > newfile foo:~/download $ md5sum newfile anomy-sanitizer-1.56.tar.gz 1a977bad964b0ede863272114bfc2482 newfile 1a977bad964b0ede863272114bfc2482 anomy-sanitizer-1.56.tar.gz

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Sorting 16 tac – the opposite of cat foo:~ $ ls / | cat | fmt bin boot data dev etc home home.orig initrd lib lost+found misc mnt opt proc root sbin suse tftpboot tmp usr var foo:~ $ ls / | tac | fmt var usr tmp tftpboot suse sbin root proc opt mnt misc lost+found lib initrd home.orig home etc dev data boot bin Ex: tac reverses the order of the lines in the input stream. This is quite useful for sorting backwards.

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Sorting 17 sort – sort the input foo:~ $ for ((a=0;a<10;a++)) ; do echo $RANDOM hello ; done | sort 10219 hello 16397 hello 18021 hello 19353 hello 25265 hello 6923 hello 7771 hello 8340 hello 8466 hello 9117 hello Ex: sort by default sorts in alphabetical order. To sort in numerical order, use the n switch. foo:~ $ for ((a=0;a<10;a++)) ; do echo $RANDOM hello ; done | sort -n 231 hello 1067 hello 1968 hello 4198 hello 9138 hello 15086 hello 19890 hello 20690 hello 24218 hello 25234 hello Ex:

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Sorting 18 uniq – discard duplicate lines - uniq is usually used with sort to discard duplicates foo:~ $ cat /etc/passwd | cut -d : -f 4 | sort -n | fmt 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 7 12 13 14 25 26 28 29 30 32 37 38 42 43 47 48 50 51 69 74 77 80 89 99 100 500 501 503 504 505 506 507 509 511 512 65534 Ex: Ex: cutting fourth field out of the password file (the group ID) and sorting in numerical order. fmt is used to make the results display on a single line. Ex: Ex: same command pipeline, but are removing duplicates with uniq before formatting. foo:~ $ cat /etc/passwd | cut -d : -f 4 | sort -n | uniq | fmt 0 1 2 4 7 12 13 14 25 26 28 29 30 32 37 38 42 43 47 48 50 51 69 74 77 80 89 99 100 500 501 503 504 505 506 507 509 511 512 65534

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Manipulation 19 tr – character set translation - usually used for converting upper case to lower case. Can also do other character translations. tr -d can remove specific characters from a stream. foo:~ $ man -P cat man | tr A-Z a-z | less Ex: Ex: Translating from UPPER CASE to lower case. Asking man to use cat as its pager, instead of using less, and opening up the man page for man itself. Translating from lower case to UPPER CASE: foo:~ $ man -P cat man | tr a-z A-Z | less Convert file names to lowercase. foo:/windows/C $ for FILE in * ; do mv "$FILE" $( echo "$FILE" | tr A-Z a-z ) ; done Using tr -d to delete the Carriage Returns (r) from a file created with Windows Notepad. foo:/windows/C $ tr -d 'r' notepad.dos.txt > notepad.unix.txt Ex: Ex: Ex:

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Manipulation 20 join – join files join is capable of combining files based on common fields foo:~ $ cat file1.sorted cabbage vegetable cat animal coal mineral piano mineral foo:~ $ cat file2.sorted cabbage green leaves cat white cat-hair piano brown wood foo:~ $ join file1.sorted file2.sorted cabbage vegetable green leaves cat animal white cat-hair piano mineral brown wood Ex:

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Manipulation 21 Joining /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow based on their first field (user name). Since /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow use a colon to separate fields, it is necessary to use -t: option. foo:~ # join -t : /etc/passwd /etc/shadow | head root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash:$1$LHNUbu7U$oiuhqwd1oiuhqhAdiuHvA0:1 2146:0:99999:7::: bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin:*:11974:0:99999:7::: daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin:*:11974:0:99999:7::: adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin:*:11974:0:99999:7::: lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin:*:11974:0:99999:7::: sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync:*:11974:0:99999:7::: shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown:*:11974:0:99999:7::: halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt:*:11974:0:99999:7::: mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin:*:11974:0:99999:7::: Ex: join allows to specify which particular field to join on, and also which particular fields should appear in the output (similar to cut)

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Manipulation 22 nl – number lines - printouts numbered. foo:/etc $ nl /etc/fstab 1 LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1 2 /dev/hda3 /home ext3 defaults 1 2 3 none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 4 none /proc proc defaults 0 0 5 none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 6 /dev/hda2 swap swap defaults 0 0 7 LABEL=DATA /data ext3 defaults 1 1 8 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom iso9660 user,noauto,owner,ro 0 0 Ex:

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Manipulation 23 sed – stream editor - sed does text transformations on an input stream. foo:~ $ echo "Hi Fred, how are you" | sed 's/Fred/Joe/' Hi Joe, how are you foo:~ $ echo "Hi Fred, how is Fred?" | sed 's/Fred/Joe/' Hi Joe, how is Fred? foo:~ $ echo "Hi Fred, how is Fred?" | sed 's/Fred/Joe/g‘ Hi Joe, how is Joe? Ex: •sed works by making only one pass over the inputs. •A sed program consists of one or more sed commands which are applied to each line of the input. •A command may be prefixed by an address range indicating lines for which the command performes. sed commands: s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/g search and replace. If you add g at end - search and replace applies as many times as possible to single line. You can also use i at the end of the s command to make the search case insensitive

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Manipulation 24 foo:~ $ ls /bin/ | fmt -30 | nl | sed '4,15d' 1 arch ash ash.static awk 2 basename bash cat chgrp 3 chmod chown chvt cp cpio csh 16 true umount uname usleep vi 17 vim zcat zsh foo:~ $ ls /bin | fmt -40 | nl | sed '/e/ d' 2 bash cat chgrp chmod chown chvt cp 13 vi vim zcat zsh Ex: sed commands: d – delete the line. You need to select the lines as explained in the next paragraph. The commands are most useful if you specify a range of lines to which the command applies. Here's how to specify specific lines for the d command: •/PATTERN/d – delete all lines contains the pattern •4d – delete line 4 •4,10d – delete lines 4 to 10 •6,$d – delete from line 6 to the last line

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Manipulation 25 foo:~ $ echo "color is gray" |sed 's/color/colour/g;s/gray/grey/g' colour is grey Ex: Most common way of using sed is to specify editing commands as a cmdline argument. You can specify multiple commands separated by semicolons. Instead of using s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/ you can use any other character in the place of the slash – e.g. a colon. foo:~ $ find /usr/bin/ | sed 's:/usr/bin/:I found :' | head I found I found consolehelper I found catchsegv I found gencat I found getconf I found getent I found glibcbug I found iconv I found ldd I found lddlibc4 Ex:

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Manipulation 26 foo:~ $ cat /etc/passwd | sed '/bash/ s/:/-RENAMED:/' | head root-RENAMED:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash bin-RENAMED:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/bin/bash daemon-RENAMED:x:2:2:Daemon:/sbin:/bin/bash lp-RENAMED:x:4:7:Printing daemon:/var/spool/lpd:/bin/bash mail:x:8:12:Mailer daemon:/var/spool/clientmqueue:/bin/false news-RENAMED:x:9:13:News system:/etc/news:/bin/bash Ex: You can also use the line matching together with search and replace. Note that the replacement is only done on lines containing 'bash'.

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Manipulation 27 expand – tabs to spaces foo:~ $ cat /etc/passwd | tr : 't' | expand -t 10,13,16,19,28,44 |head root x 0 0 root /root /bin/bash bin x 1 1 bin /bin /sbin/nologin daemon x 2 2 daemon /sbin /sbin/nologin adm x 3 4 adm /var/adm /sbin/nologin lp x 4 7 lp /var/spool/lpd /sbin/nologin sync x 5 0 sync /sbin /bin/sync halt x 7 0 halt /sbin /sbin/halt mail x 8 12 mail /var/spool/mail /sbin/nologin Ex: expand allows you to specify the size of the tab stops with -t. You can specify a single size for all tab stops, or you can set the tab stops at specific positions.

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Manipulation 28 unexpand – spaces to tabs foo:~ $ man -P cat bash | wc 4517 33928 300778 foo:~ $ man -P cat bash | unexpand | wc 4517 33928 281381 Ex: counting the number of lines, words and characters in the man page of bash. After piping the output through unexpand and replacing spaces with tabs the size is smaller, although it looks the same.

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Manipulation 29 paste – paste two files together foo:~/tmp $ cat file2 cabbage green leaves cat white cat-hair piano brown wood foo:~/tmp $ cat file1 cat animal cabbage vegetable piano mineral coal mineral foo:~/tmp $ paste file2 file1 | expand -t 22 cabbage green leaves cat animal cat white cat-hair cabbage vegetable piano brown wood piano mineral coal mineral Ex: Using paste is like taking two printouts of two files and sticking the right margin of one to the left margin of the other. The glue between the files is a tab stop. You can specify a delimiter between the files which is not a tab space with option -d

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Formatting 30 fmt – format nicely - format text into a neatly word wrapped structure. Default right margin is 75 foo:~ $ ls /bin | fmt arch ash ash.static aumix-minimal awk basename bash bash2 bsh cat chgrp chmod chown cp cpio csh cut date dd df dmesg dnsdomainname doexec domainname dumpkeys echo ed egrep env ex false fgrep gawk gettext grep gtar gunzip gzip hostname igawk ipcalc kbd_mode kill link ln loadkeys login ls mail mkdir mknod mktemp more mount mt mv netstat nice nisdomainname pgawk ping ps pwd red rm rmdir rpm rvi rview sed setfont setserial sh sleep sort stty su sync tar tcsh touch true umount uname unicode_start unicode_stop unlink usleep vi vi.minimal view ypdomainname Ex: foo:~ $ ls /bin | fmt -40 | head arch ash ash.static aumix-minimal awk basename bash bash2 bsh cat chgrp chmod chown cp cpio csh cut date dd df dmesg dnsdomainname doexec domainname dumpkeys echo ed egrep env ex false fgrep gawk gettext grep gtar gunzip gzip hostname igawk ipcalc kbd_mode kill link ln loadkeys login ls mail mkdir mknod mktemp more mount mt mv netstat nice nisdomainname pgawk ping

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Formatting 31 pr – format for printing Ex: foo:~ $ pr /etc/host* | less foo:~ $ ls -lR / | pr | less When it was traditional to send reams and reams of printouts to a line printer, it was nice to add file names as headers and to make sure you didn't print on the foldbetween papers.

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Formatting 32 od – octal dump (and other formats) Ex: foo:/tmp $ echo "Hello World" > hello foo:/tmp $ cat hello Hello World od, oddly enough, does not just print out in octal, but in other formats. foo:/tmp $ od hello 0000000 062510 066154 020157 067527 066162 005144 0000014 od's behaviour is rather odd when it is used without any arguments. It prints out the octal value of two pairs of bytes in the file. Sometimes this is useful, but usually it isnot. Using -t switch tells od to use a specific format type (the default is od –t o2). od –t c means character format. You will notice that file ends in a newline character (n). foo:/tmp $ od -t c hello 0000000 H e l l o W o r l d n 0000014 od –t d1 specifies decimal format, with a width of one. character encoding is ASCII. Ex: Ex: foo:/tmp $ od -t d1 hello 0000000 72 101 108 108 111 32 87 111 114 108 100 10 0000014

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Process text streams using filters Formatting 33 wc – count words, lines and characters Ex: foo:~ $ wc /etc/host* 1 2 17 /etc/host.conf 10 34 291 /etc/hosts 8 36 201 /etc/hosts.allow 5 25 196 /etc/hosts.bak 9 65 357 /etc/hosts.deny 33 162 1062 total For each file specified on the command line, wc prints out the number of words, lines and characters in the file. wc –l number of lines, wc –w number of words, wc –c number of characters (bytes) in file. These features allow wc to be used to count and measure the output from other commands. Ex: foo:~ $ ls -l | wc -l 211 foo:~ $ cat /bin/* | wc -c 18682972

CoreLinuxforRedHatandFedoralearningunderGNUFreeDocumentationLicense-Copyleft(c)AcácioOliveira2012 Everyoneispermittedtocopyanddistributeverbatimcopiesofthislicensedocument,changingisallowed Fim de sessão 34

3.2 process text streams using filters

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3.2 process text streams using filters