CS220: Database Systems

Spring 2024
BSDS-1A
Credit Hours: 3+1
Lecture Outline

• Introduction
• Of the class
• Teaching team
• Overview
• Difference between File-based and Database Approach
• Data vs Information
• Information System
• Overview of DBMS
• Database Design
• Types of Databases

2
Course Learning Outcome
Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs):
PLO BT Level*
1. Understand key terms and concepts related to databases, including entities,
1 C-2
attributes, relationships, and normalization.
2. Formulate a given real-world problem by applying appropriate logical
3 C-6
design methods and tools for databases.
3. Investigate and resolve issues related to transaction management,
4 P-3
including identifying and addressing conflicts and inconsistencies in data.
4. Develop a database schema from database requirements. 5 P-3
* BT= Bloom’s Taxonomy, C=Cognitive domain, P=Psychomotor domain, A= Affective domain
Recommended Text/ Reference Books

• Fundamentals of Database Systems,

• By Elmasri & Navathe
• Database System Concepts
• By Abraham Silbershatz, Henery F. Korth, Sudarshan
• Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management
• Carlos Coronel/Steven Morris, 13th Edition, ISBN: 9780357687536

4
Lecture Resources & Class Policy

• LMS:
• Course Outline (Will explain structure of the
course and project details soon later)
• Lecture
• Assignment
• Labs/Lab Submission
• CMS:
• Attendance (75% is the minimum requirement to appear in ESE)
• Grading

5
Tentative Grading Criteria

• Lecture (3 Credit Hrs./Week-75%)

• Quizzes: 12%
• Assignments: 10%
• Final Report: 8%
• MSE: 30%
• ESE: 40%
• Lab (3 Hrs./Week-25%)
• In-Lab Work: 70%
• Group Project: 30%

Zero tolerance for plagiarism

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Course Contents

• Basic Database Concepts

• Relational Data Model
• Relational Algebra
• Structured Query Language (SQL)
• Database Design Theory
• Entity-Relationship Model (ER-Model)
• Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS)

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Course Contents (Cont…)

• Functional Dependencies
• Normalization (Normal Forms)
• Transactional Possessing Concepts
• Query Processing and Optimization
• Distributed Databases Management System
• Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence
• Big Data and NoSQL

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Class Rules (1/2)

• No verbal consultations during the class

• No personal comments
• Do not disturb the class
• If something is not clear, do tell!!
• If you have question, do not hesitate.
• Read the course outline(Uploaded on LMS)
• Course Contents
• Available on LMS
• Will contain limited information only, so
better to consult online and secondary
resources as well.
Class Rules (2/2)

• Plagiarism and Academic Dishonesty are strictly prohibited

• No submission via email
• Late Day Policy
• Total late days: 5
• Can be used for assignments, final report, and project only
• No consolidation among group members
• No swapping/sharing
• Use self tracking during the course
• Final count will be done at the end of the course (by me)
• No penalty for consuming a late day
• Each day consumed beyond the allocated late days -> -2% from overall score
in assignments, Final report, and project; until all reach 0.
Contact

• Fahad.satti@seecs.edu.pk
• Consulting Hours:
• Tuesday (3pm-5pm) or by appointment
Lecture 1
Introduction to Databases and Database Management Systems

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Top Database Resources

Database Conferences:
 1) VLDB 2) KDD 3) ICDE 4) ICDM 5) DASFAA 6) SIGMOD
Research Labs:
 1) IBM Almaden Research Lab, 2) AT&T Research Labs, 3) Microsoft
Research Lab, 4) Lucent Technologies.
Database Products:
 1) Oracle, 2) IBM DB2, 3) MySQL, 4) Sybase, 5) MS SQL Server, 6) Informix.

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Database Professionals

• Database implementers
• Build modules that go inside the DBMS
• Database application developers
• Build application that run on top of the DBMS, and are used by end-users to
interact with their data.
• Database Administrators
• Create database schema
• Maintain and tune the DBMS engine
• Maintain and tune the data in the DBMS
• Corporations need them

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Overview

• Data: Known facts that can be recorded

• Database: Collection of Integrated data

• Typically models a real-world “enterprise”

• DBMS: A software system designed to store, manage, and facilitate

access to databases.

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Files and Databases – background (1/5)
• Files: A collection of records or documents dealing with one
organization, person, area, or subject. It could either be:
• Computer files
• Manual files (Paper)
• Database: A collection of similar records with relationships
between records.
• Statistical, Business Data

• Difference ???

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Database (2/5)

• A database is collection of stored operational data used by

application systems of some particular enterprise (C.J. Date)
• Paper Database
• Still contain a large portion of world's knowledge
• File Processing Systems
• Early batch processing of business data
• Database Management Systems (DBMS)
• Will cover in detail

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File Processing Systems (3/5)

• Collection of application programs that performs services for the

end-users (e.g. Reports)
• Each program defines and maintains its own data

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File Processing Systems (4/5)

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File Processing Systems (5/5)

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Data vs. Information (1/5)

• Data: ?

• Information: ?

• Discuss using Examples !!

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Data vs. Information (1/5)

• Data: Raw facts/Un-processed information

• But they are building blocks for information

• Information: Data processed to reveal its meaning

• Information is meaningful
• In today’s world, accurate, relevant and timely information is the key to good
decision making
• Good decision making is key to survival in today’s competitive and global
environment

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Transforming raw data into information (2/5)

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Transforming raw data into information (3/5)

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Transforming raw data into information (4/5)

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Transforming raw data into information (5/5)

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What is a System (1/5)

A system is a group of elements that are integrated with the

common purpose of achieving objectives

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Need for information (2/5)

• Businesses require decisions

• Decisions require information
• Nature of information varies with the nature of business and decision
• Planning for business requires information at regular interval

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What is an information system (IS) (3/5)

• Interrelated components working together to collect, process, store

and disseminate information
• Every information does not go to every body
• ERP, DSS, MIS, OLTP, OLAP

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Artifacts for IS (4/5)

Web & GUI

Designing/ Modeling

Coding/ Programming

SQL Programming
Database (Data Storage)

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Attributes of IS (5/5)

• Easy Availability
• Timelines
• Relevant to decision at hand
• Related to current business needs

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Database Management System (DBMS) (1/6)
Database: Collection of interrelated data
DBMS- Software to access the data
DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
DBMS provides an environment that is both convenient and
efficient to use.
Database Applications:
 Banking: all transactions
 Airlines: reservations, schedules
 Universities: registration, grades
 Sales: customers, products, purchases
 Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
 Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
Databases touch all aspects of our lives
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DBMS (2/6)

DBMS is a software package that enables user to create and maintain

databases. It facilitates:
• Defining a database that involves specifying the data
types, structures, and constraints for the data to be
stored in the database.
• Constructing a database which is the process of storing
the data.
• Manipulating a database such as functions of querying
and sharing the database objects, updating the database,
and generating reports from the data.
• Database and DBMS software together constitute a database system.

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DBMS – MS SQL Server

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DBMS – MySQL

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DBMS – Oracle

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DBMS (3/6)

• DBMS serves as the intermediary between the user and the database
• The database structure itself is stored as a collection of files, and the only way
to access the data in those files is through the DBMS

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DBMS (4/6)

• DBMS receives all application requests and translates them into the complex
operations required to fulfill those requests
• DBMS hides much of the database’s internal complexity from the application
programs and users.

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Advantages of DBMS (5/6)

• Improved data sharing

• Improved data security

• Better data integration.

• Minimized data inconsistency

• Improved data access

• Improved decision making

• Increased end-user productivity

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Examples DBMS (6/6)

• Oracle
• IBM DB2
• Ingress
• Teradata
• MS SQL Server
• MS Access
• MySQL

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Database Design (1/6)

• Refers to the activities that focus on the design of the database

structure that will be used to store and manage end-user data
• A database that meets all user requirements does not just happen;
its structure must be designed carefully.
• Even a good DBMS will perform poorly with a badly designed
database.

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Database Design (2/6)

The process of designing the general structure of the database:

• Logical Design – Deciding on the database schema. Database design
requires that we find a “good” collection of relation schemas.
• Business decision – What attributes should we record in the database?
• Computer Science decision – What relation schemas should we have and
how should the attributes be distributed among the various relation
schemas?
• Physical Design – Deciding on the physical layout of the database

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Database Design – an example (3/6)
• Consider the data shown below which illustrates the efforts of an
organization to keep records about its employees and their skills.

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Bad Database Design example (4/6)
• Difficult to produce an alphabetical listing of employees based on
their last names
• How to efficiently count how many possess which skill-set
• Issue due to Skill 1 and Skill 2
• Different names for same skill
• Basic Database Manipulation <> Basic DB Manipulation

• How to add more columns, if an employee acquires another skill

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Better Database Design (5/6)

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Database design – another example (6/6)

• Data Redundancy & Design

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Components of database system

• A database is partitioned into small modules that deal with each of

the responsibilities of overall system.

• The functional components of a database can be broadly divided

into:
• Storage manager
• Query processor

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Why Storage Manager?

• Database typically require a large amount of storage space.

• Corporate databases ranges in size from hundreds of gigabytes to, for

the largest databases, terabytes of data.

• Since main memory can’t store this much data and is therefore
stored on disks.

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Why Storage Manager?

• Data moved between disk and main memory as needed.

• Since the movement of data to and from disk is slow relative to the
speed of the CPU.

• It is imperative that database system structure the data so as to

minimize the need to move the data between disk and main
memory.

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Why Query Processor?

• One of the objective of DBMS is to simplify and facilitate access to

data.

• High level views help to achieve this.

• Users of the system are not burdened unnecessarily with the physical
details of the implementation of the system.

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Why Query Processor?

• Quick processing of updates and queries is important.

• DBMS is responsible to translate a logical level queries into an

efficient sequence of operations at high level.

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The Need

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Types of DBs: NoSQL, Cloud

• SQL DB are structured DBs (DBMS)

• NoSQL database is
• a next-generation DB
• used for big data, mainly retrieval purpose
• horizontally scalable
• Apache Cassandra, Apatchi HBase, Google Bigtable and MongoDB
• Graph, Document, Key-value and Column Database are also known as
NoSQL
• Cloud DBs MS Azure & Amazon AWS

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Architectures
SQL Databases NoSQL Databases

Relational Column Family Key-Value

Key Value

Key Value

Key Value

Key Value
Analytical (OLAP)
Graph
Document

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Thank you