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BeginNew-Tight5.5 / Java: A Beginner’s Guide, Ninth Edition / Herbert Schildt / 355-9 / Front Matter
Blind Folio: i

Java ™

A Beginner’s Guide

Ninth Edition

00-FM.indd 1 12/11/21 9:20 PM

BeginNew-Tight5.5 / Java: A Beginner’s Guide, Ninth Edition / Herbert Schildt / 355-9 / Front Matter
Blind Folio: ii

About the Author

Best-selling author Herbert Schildt has written extensively
about programming for over three decades and is a leading
authority on the Java language. Called “one of the world’s
foremost authors of books about programming” by
International Developer magazine, his books have sold millions
of copies worldwide and have been translated into all major
foreign languages. He is the author of numerous books on Java,
including Java: The Complete Reference; Herb Schildt’s Java
Programming Cookbook; Introducing JavaFX 8 Programming;
and Swing: A Beginner’s Guide. He has also written extensively
about C, C++, and C#. Featured as one of the rock star
programmers in Ed Burns’ book Secrets of the Rock Star
Programmers: Riding the IT Crest, Schildt is interested in
all facets of computing, but his primary focus is computer
languages. Schildt holds both BA and MCS degrees from the
University of Illinois. His website is www.HerbSchildt.com.

About the Technical Editor

Dr. Danny Coward has worked on all editions of the Java
platform. He led the definition of Java Servlets into the first
version of the Java EE platform and beyond, web services
into the Java ME platform, and the strategy and planning for
Java SE 7. He founded JavaFX technology and, most recently,
designed the largest addition to the Java EE 7 standard, the
Java WebSocket API. From coding in Java, to designing
APIs with industry experts, to serving for several years as an
executive to the Java Community Process, he has a uniquely
broad perspective into multiple aspects of Java technology. In
addition, he is the author of two books on Java programming:
Java WebSocket Programming and Java EE 7: The Big Picture.
Most recently, he has been applying his knowledge of Java
to helping scale massive Java-based services for one of the
world’s most successful software companies. Dr. Coward holds
a bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorate in mathematics from the
University of Oxford.

00-FM.indd 2 12/11/21 9:20 PM

BeginNew-Tight5.5 / Java: A Beginner’s Guide, Ninth Edition / Herbert Schildt / 355-9 / Front Matter
Blind Folio: iii

Java ™

A Beginner’s Guide

Ninth Edition
Herbert Schildt

New York Chicago San Francisco

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BeginNew-Tight5.5 / Java: A Beginner’s Guide, Ninth Edition / Herbert Schildt / 355-9 / Front Matter

Contents
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

1 Java Fundamentals ........................................................................................... 1

The History and Philosophy of Java ................................................................................ 3
The Origins of Java ................................................................................................ 3
Java’s Lineage: C and C++ .................................................................................... 4
How Java Impacted the Internet ............................................................................ 4
Java’s Magic: The Bytecode .................................................................................. 6
Moving Beyond Applets ........................................................................................ 8
A Faster Release Schedule ..................................................................................... 8
The Java Buzzwords .............................................................................................. 9
Object-Oriented Programming ........................................................................................ 10
Encapsulation ......................................................................................................... 11
Polymorphism ........................................................................................................ 11
Inheritance ............................................................................................................. 12
The Java Development Kit .............................................................................................. 12
A First Simple Program ................................................................................................... 13
Entering the Program ............................................................................................. 14
Compiling the Program .......................................................................................... 14
The First Sample Program Line by Line ............................................................... 15

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BeginNew-Tight5.5 / Java: A Beginner’s Guide, Ninth Edition / Herbert Schildt / 355-9 / Front Matter

vi Java: A Beginner’s Guide

Handling Syntax Errors ................................................................................................... 17

A Second Simple Program .............................................................................................. 18
Another Data Type .......................................................................................................... 20
Try This 1-1: Converting Gallons to Liters ..................................................................... 21
Two Control Statements .................................................................................................. 22
The if Statement ..................................................................................................... 23
The for Loop .......................................................................................................... 24
Create Blocks of Code ..................................................................................................... 26
Semicolons and Positioning ............................................................................................ 27
Indentation Practices ....................................................................................................... 28
Try This 1-2: Improving the Gallons-to-Liters Converter ............................................... 28
The Java Keywords .......................................................................................................... 29
Identifiers in Java ............................................................................................................. 30
The Java Class Libraries .................................................................................................. 31
Chapter 1 Self Test .......................................................................................................... 31
2 Introducing Data Types and Operators ......................................................... 33
Why Data Types Are Important ....................................................................................... 34
Java’s Primitive Types ..................................................................................................... 34
Integers .................................................................................................................. 35
Floating-Point Types .............................................................................................. 37
Characters .............................................................................................................. 37
The Boolean Type ............................................................................................................ 39
Try This 2-1: How Far Away Is the Lightning? ............................................................... 40
Literals ............................................................................................................................. 41
Hexadecimal, Octal, and Binary Literals ............................................................... 42
Character Escape Sequences .................................................................................. 42
String Literals ........................................................................................................ 43
A Closer Look at Variables .............................................................................................. 44
Initializing a Variable ............................................................................................. 44
Dynamic Initialization ........................................................................................... 45
The Scope and Lifetime of Variables .............................................................................. 45
Operators ......................................................................................................................... 48
Arithmetic Operators ....................................................................................................... 48
Increment and Decrement ...................................................................................... 49
Relational and Logical Operators .................................................................................... 50
Short-Circuit Logical Operators ...................................................................................... 52
The Assignment Operator ................................................................................................ 53
Shorthand Assignments ................................................................................................... 53
Type Conversion in Assignments .................................................................................... 55
Casting Incompatible Types ............................................................................................ 56
Operator Precedence ....................................................................................................... 58
Try This 2-2: Display a Truth Table for the Logical Operators ....................................... 59

00-FM.indd 6 12/11/21 9:20 PM

BeginNew-Tight5.5 / Java: A Beginner’s Guide, Ninth Edition / Herbert Schildt / 355-9 / Front Matter

Contents vii

Expressions ...................................................................................................................... 60
Type Conversion in Expressions ............................................................................ 60
Spacing and Parentheses ........................................................................................ 62
Chapter 2 Self Test .......................................................................................................... 62
3 Program Control Statements .......................................................................... 65
Input Characters from the Keyboard ............................................................................... 66
The if Statement .............................................................................................................. 67
Nested ifs ......................................................................................................................... 69
The if-else-if Ladder ........................................................................................................ 70
The Traditional switch Statement .................................................................................... 71
Nested switch Statements ................................................................................................ 75
Try This 3-1: Start Building a Java Help System ............................................................ 75
The for Loop .................................................................................................................... 77
Some Variations on the for Loop ..................................................................................... 79
Missing Pieces ................................................................................................................. 80
The Infinite Loop ................................................................................................... 81
Loops with No Body ....................................................................................................... 81
Declaring Loop Control Variables Inside the for Loop ................................................... 82
The Enhanced for Loop ................................................................................................... 83
The while Loop ............................................................................................................... 83
The do-while Loop .......................................................................................................... 85
Try This 3-2: Improve the Java Help System .................................................................. 87
Use break to Exit a Loop ................................................................................................. 90
Use break as a Form of goto ............................................................................................ 91
Use continue .................................................................................................................... 96
Try This 3-3: Finish the Java Help System ..................................................................... 97
Nested Loops ................................................................................................................... 101
Chapter 3 Self Test .......................................................................................................... 102
4 Introducing Classes, Objects, and Methods ................................................... 105
Class Fundamentals ......................................................................................................... 106
The General Form of a Class ................................................................................. 107
Defining a Class ..................................................................................................... 108
How Objects Are Created ................................................................................................ 110
Reference Variables and Assignment .............................................................................. 111
Methods ........................................................................................................................... 112
Adding a Method to the Vehicle Class ................................................................... 112
Returning from a Method ................................................................................................ 114
Returning a Value ............................................................................................................ 115
Using Parameters ............................................................................................................. 117
Adding a Parameterized Method to Vehicle .......................................................... 119
Try This 4-1: Creating a Help Class ................................................................................ 121

00-FM.indd 7 12/11/21 9:20 PM

BeginNew-Tight5.5 / Java: A Beginner’s Guide, Ninth Edition / Herbert Schildt / 355-9 / Front Matter

viii Java: A Beginner’s Guide

Constructors .................................................................................................................... 126

Parameterized Constructors ............................................................................................. 128
Adding a Constructor to the Vehicle Class ...................................................................... 128
The new Operator Revisited ............................................................................................ 130
Garbage Collection .......................................................................................................... 130
The this Keyword ............................................................................................................ 131
Chapter 4 Self Test .......................................................................................................... 133
5 More Data Types and Operators .................................................................... 135
Arrays .............................................................................................................................. 136
One-Dimensional Arrays ....................................................................................... 137
Try This 5-1: Sorting an Array ........................................................................................ 140
Multidimensional Arrays ................................................................................................. 142
Two-Dimensional Arrays ....................................................................................... 142
Irregular Arrays ...................................................................................................... 143
Arrays of Three or More Dimensions .................................................................... 144
Initializing Multidimensional Arrays ..................................................................... 144
Alternative Array Declaration Syntax ............................................................................. 145
Assigning Array References ............................................................................................ 146
Using the length Member ................................................................................................ 147
Try This 5-2: A Queue Class ........................................................................................... 149
The For-Each Style for Loop ........................................................................................... 153
Iterating Over Multidimensional Arrays ................................................................ 156
Applying the Enhanced for .................................................................................... 157
Strings .............................................................................................................................. 158
Constructing Strings .............................................................................................. 159
Operating on Strings .............................................................................................. 160
Arrays of Strings .................................................................................................... 162
Strings Are Immutable ........................................................................................... 162
Using a String to Control a switch Statement ........................................................ 163
Using Command-Line Arguments ................................................................................... 166
Using Type Inference with Local Variables ..................................................................... 167
Local Variable Type Inference with Reference Types ........................................... 169
Using Local Variable Type Inference in a for Loop ............................................... 171
Some var Restrictions ............................................................................................ 171
The Bitwise Operators ..................................................................................................... 172
The Bitwise AND, OR, XOR, and NOT Operators ............................................... 173
The Shift Operators ................................................................................................ 177
Bitwise Shorthand Assignments ............................................................................ 179
Try This 5-3: A ShowBits Class ...................................................................................... 180
The ? Operator ................................................................................................................. 182
Chapter 5 Self Test .......................................................................................................... 184

00-FM.indd 8 12/11/21 9:20 PM

BeginNew-Tight5.5 / Java: A Beginner’s Guide, Ninth Edition / Herbert Schildt / 355-9 / Front Matter

Contents ix

6 A Closer Look at Methods and Classes .......................................................... 187

Controlling Access to Class Members ............................................................................ 188
Java’s Access Modifiers ......................................................................................... 189
Try This 6-1: Improving the Queue Class ....................................................................... 193
Pass Objects to Methods .................................................................................................. 194
How Arguments Are Passed ................................................................................... 196
Returning Objects ............................................................................................................ 198
Method Overloading ........................................................................................................ 200
Overloading Constructors ................................................................................................ 205
Try This 6-2: Overloading the Queue Constructor .......................................................... 207
Recursion ......................................................................................................................... 210
Understanding static ........................................................................................................ 212
Static Blocks .......................................................................................................... 215
Try This 6-3: The Quicksort ............................................................................................ 216
Introducing Nested and Inner Classes ............................................................................. 219
Varargs: Variable-Length Arguments .............................................................................. 222
Varargs Basics ........................................................................................................ 223
Overloading Varargs Methods ............................................................................... 226
Varargs and Ambiguity .......................................................................................... 227
Chapter 6 Self Test .......................................................................................................... 228
7 Inheritance ........................................................................................................ 231
Inheritance Basics ........................................................................................................... 232
Member Access and Inheritance ..................................................................................... 235
Constructors and Inheritance ........................................................................................... 238
Using super to Call Superclass Constructors .................................................................. 240
Using super to Access Superclass Members ................................................................... 244
Try This 7-1: Extending the Vehicle Class ...................................................................... 245
Creating a Multilevel Hierarchy ...................................................................................... 248
When Are Constructors Executed? .................................................................................. 250
Superclass References and Subclass Objects .................................................................. 252
Method Overriding .......................................................................................................... 256
Overridden Methods Support Polymorphism .................................................................. 259
Why Overridden Methods? ............................................................................................. 261
Applying Method Overriding to TwoDShape ........................................................ 261
Using Abstract Classes .................................................................................................... 265
Using final ....................................................................................................................... 269
final Prevents Overriding ....................................................................................... 269
final Prevents Inheritance ...................................................................................... 269
Using final with Data Members ............................................................................. 270
The Object Class ............................................................................................................. 271
Chapter 7 Self Test .......................................................................................................... 272

00-FM.indd 9 12/11/21 9:20 PM

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