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C HOW TO PROGRAM
NINTH EDITION

Paul Deitel • Harvey Deitel

with case studies introducing

Applications Programming and
Systems Programming

This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com

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Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled C How to Program, 9th Edition, ISBN 978-0-13-739839-3 by Paul Deitel and Harvey Deitel
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In memory of Dennis Ritchie,

creator of the C programming language
and co-creator of the UNIX operating system.
Paul and Harvey Deitel
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Trademarks
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Contents
Appendices E–H are PDF documents posted online at the book’s Companion
Website (located at https://www.pearsonglobaleditions.com).

Preface 17

Before You Begin 49

1 Introduction to Computers and C 53

1.1 Introduction 54
1.2 Hardware and Software 56
1.2.1 Moore’s Law 56
1.2.2 Computer Organization 57
1.3 Data Hierarchy 60
1.4 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages 63
1.5 Operating Systems 65
1.6 The C Programming Language 68
1.7 The C Standard Library and Open-Source Libraries 70
1.8 Other Popular Programming Languages 71
1.9 Typical C Program-Development Environment 73
1.9.1 Phase 1: Creating a Program 73
1.9.2 Phases 2 and 3: Preprocessing and Compiling a C Program 73
1.9.3 Phase 4: Linking 74
1.9.4 Phase 5: Loading 75
1.9.5 Phase 6: Execution 75
1.9.6 Problems That May Occur at Execution Time 75
1.9.7 Standard Input, Standard Output and Standard Error Streams 76
1.10 Test-Driving a C Application in Windows, Linux and macOS 76
1.10.1 Compiling and Running a C Application with Visual Studio
2019 Community Edition on Windows 10 77
1.10.2 Compiling and Running a C Application with Xcode on
macOS 81
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1.10.3 Compiling and Running a C Application with GNU gcc
on Linux 84
1.10.4 Compiling and Running a C Application in a GCC Docker
Container Running Natively over Windows 10, macOS
or Linux 86
1.11 Internet, World Wide Web, the Cloud and IoT 87
1.11.1 The Internet: A Network of Networks 88
1.11.2 The World Wide Web: Making the Internet User-Friendly 89
1.11.3 The Cloud 89
1.11.4 The Internet of Things 90
1.12 Software Technologies 91
1.13 How Big Is Big Data? 91
1.13.1 Big-Data Analytics 97
1.13.2 Data Science and Big Data Are Making a Difference: Use Cases 98
1.14 Case Study—A Big-Data Mobile Application 99
1.15 AI—at the Intersection of Computer Science and Data Science 100

2 Intro to C Programming 107

2.1 Introduction 108
2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text 108
2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers 112
2.4 Memory Concepts 116
2.5 Arithmetic in C 117
2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 121
2.7 Secure C Programming 125

3 Structured Program Development 137

3.1 Introduction 138
3.2 Algorithms 138
3.3 Pseudocode 139
3.4 Control Structures 140
3.5 The if Selection Statement 142
3.6 The if…else Selection Statement 144
3.7 The while Iteration Statement 148
3.8 Formulating Algorithms Case Study 1: Counter-Controlled Iteration 149
3.9 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement
Case Study 2: Sentinel-Controlled Iteration 151
3.10 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement
Case Study 3: Nested Control Statements 158
3.11 Assignment Operators 162
3.12 Increment and Decrement Operators 163
3.13 Secure C Programming 166
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4 Program Control 185
4.1 Introduction 186
4.2 Iteration Essentials 186
4.3 Counter-Controlled Iteration 187
4.4 for Iteration Statement 188
4.5 Examples Using the for Statement 192
4.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 196
4.7 do…while Iteration Statement 202
4.8 break and continue Statements 203
4.9 Logical Operators 205
4.10 Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators 209
4.11 Structured-Programming Summary 210
4.12 Secure C Programming 215

5 Functions 231
5.1 Introduction 232
5.2 Modularizing Programs in C 232
5.3 Math Library Functions 234
5.4 Functions 235
5.5 Function Definitions 236
5.5.1 square Function 236
5.5.2 maximum Function 239
5.6 Function Prototypes: A Deeper Look 240
5.7 Function-Call Stack and Stack Frames 243
5.8 Headers 247
5.9 Passing Arguments by Value and by Reference 249
5.10 Random-Number Generation 249
5.11 Game Simulation Case Study: Rock, Paper, Scissors 254
5.12 Storage Classes 260
5.13 Scope Rules 262
5.14 Recursion 265
5.15 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 269
5.16 Recursion vs. Iteration 272
5.17 Secure C Programming—Secure Random-Number Generation 275
Random-Number Simulation Case Study: The Tortoise and the Hare 294

6 Arrays 297
6.1 Introduction 298
6.2 Arrays 298
6.3 Defining Arrays 300
6.4 Array Examples 300
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6.4.1 Defining an Array and Using a Loop to Set the Array’s
Element Values 301
6.4.2 Initializing an Array in a Definition with an Initializer List 302
6.4.3 Specifying an Array’s Size with a Symbolic Constant and
Initializing Array Elements with Calculations 303
6.4.4 Summing the Elements of an Array 304
6.4.5 Using Arrays to Summarize Survey Results 304
6.4.6 Graphing Array Element Values with Bar Charts 306
6.4.7 Rolling a Die 60,000,000 Times and Summarizing
the Results in an Array 307
6.5 Using Character Arrays to Store and Manipulate Strings 309
6.5.1 Initializing a Character Array with a String 309
6.5.2 Initializing a Character Array with an Initializer List
of Characters 309
6.5.3 Accessing the Characters in a String 309
6.5.4 Inputting into a Character Array 309
6.5.5 Outputting a Character Array That Represents a String 310
6.5.6 Demonstrating Character Arrays 310
6.6 Static Local Arrays and Automatic Local Arrays 312
6.7 Passing Arrays to Functions 314
6.8 Sorting Arrays 318
6.9 Intro to Data Science Case Study: Survey Data Analysis 321
6.10 Searching Arrays 326
6.10.1 Searching an Array with Linear Search 326
6.10.2 Searching an Array with Binary Search 328
6.11 Multidimensional Arrays 332
6.11.1 Illustrating a Two-Dimensional Array 332
6.11.2 Initializing a Double-Subscripted Array 333
6.11.3 Setting the Elements in One Row 335
6.11.4 Totaling the Elements in a Two-Dimensional Array 335
6.11.5 Two-Dimensional Array Manipulations 335
6.12 Variable-Length Arrays 339
6.13 Secure C Programming 343

7 Pointers 363
7.1 Introduction 364
7.2 Pointer Variable Definitions and Initialization 365
7.3 Pointer Operators 366
7.4 Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference 369
7.5 Using the const Qualifier with Pointers 373
7.5.1 Converting a String to Uppercase Using a Non-Constant
Pointer to Non-Constant Data 374
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7.5.2 Printing a String One Character at a Time Using a
Non-Constant Pointer to Constant Data 374
7.5.3 Attempting to Modify a Constant Pointer to
Non-Constant Data 376
7.5.4 Attempting to Modify a Constant Pointer to Constant Data 377
7.6 Bubble Sort Using Pass-By-Reference 378
7.7 sizeof Operator 382
7.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic 384
7.8.1 Pointer Arithmetic Operators 385
7.8.2 Aiming a Pointer at an Array 385
7.8.3 Adding an Integer to a Pointer 385
7.8.4 Subtracting an Integer from a Pointer 386
7.8.5 Incrementing and Decrementing a Pointer 386
7.8.6 Subtracting One Pointer from Another 386
7.8.7 Assigning Pointers to One Another 386
7.8.8 Pointer to void 386
7.8.9 Comparing Pointers 387
7.9 Relationship between Pointers and Arrays 387
7.9.1 Pointer/Offset Notation 387
7.9.2 Pointer/Subscript Notation 388
7.9.3 Cannot Modify an Array Name with Pointer Arithmetic 388
7.9.4 Demonstrating Pointer Subscripting and Offsets 388
7.9.5 String Copying with Arrays and Pointers 390
7.10 Arrays of Pointers 392
7.11 Random-Number Simulation Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing 393
7.12 Function Pointers 398
7.12.1 Sorting in Ascending or Descending Order 398
7.12.2 Using Function Pointers to Create a Menu-Driven System 401
7.13 Secure C Programming 403
Special Section: Building Your Own Computer as a Virtual Machine 417
Special Section—Embedded Systems Programming Case Study:
Robotics with the Webots Simulator 424

8 Characters and Strings 441

8.1 Introduction 442
8.2 Fundamentals of Strings and Characters 442
8.3 Character-Handling Library 444
8.3.1 Functions isdigit, isalpha, isalnum and isxdigit 445
8.3.2 Functions islower, isupper, tolower and toupper 447
8.3.3 Functions isspace, iscntrl, ispunct, isprint and isgraph 448
8.4 String-Conversion Functions 450
8.4.1 Function strtod 450