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JAVA
™
A GUIDE TO
PROGRAMMING IN
Java™ 2 Platform Standard Edition 5

Beth Brown
A Guide to Programming
in Java™
Java™ 2 Platform Standard Edition 5

Beth Brown
Copyright 2005
by

First Edition

ISBN 1-58003-071-8 (softcover)

ISBN 1-58003-072-6 (hardcover)
All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright may be reproduced or used
in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems—without the written permission
of the publisher, with the exception of programs, which may be entered, stored, and executed
in a computer system, but not reprinted for publication or resold in any other form.

Printed in the United States of America

All orders including educational, Canadian, foreign,

FPO, and APO may be placed by contacting:
Lawrenceville Press, Inc.
P.O. Box 704
Pennington, NJ 08534-0704
(609) 737-1148
(609) 737-8564 fax

This text is available in hardcover and softcover editions.

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The text is written and published by Lawrenceville Press, Inc. and is in no way
connected with the Sun® Corporation.
Sun®, Sun® Microsystems, and Java™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of
Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries.
Microsoft® Microsoft® Windows®, Visual Basic®, and Microsoft® Calculator are
either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United
States and/or other countries. Screen Shots and Icons reprinted with permission
from Microsoft® Corporation.
Mac OS® and Tiger™ are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. in the
United States and other countries.
ExamView is a registered trademark of FSCreations, Inc.
“JUNE BUGS” poem by Avis Harley used with permission from Boyds Mills Press.
Names of all other products mentioned herein are used for identification purposes
only and may be trademarks of their respective owners.
Preface

W e have strived to make this the clearest and most comprehensive

Java text available. Our primary objective in this text is to present mate-
rial in clear language with easy to follow examples. To meet this objective,
we use our teaching experiences as well as the feedback, comments, and
suggestions from other experienced instructors to determine how best to
present programming concepts.
For the best classroom experience for both the student and the instructor,
our comprehensive text book includes hands-on reviews, critical-thinking
questions, and exercises of varying difficulty levels. Additionally, our
Teacher Resource Materials correlate directly to the text book and offer
teaching hints for explaining difficult concepts, additional lessons and
exercises, and a comprehensive question bank for creating tests, quizzes,
and reviews. The Teacher Resource Materials include the applications,
Case Studies, and vocabulary from the text book, as well as answers to
all the reviews and exercises.
It is our belief that learning to program offers the student an invaluable
opportunity to develop problem-solving skills. The process of defining a
problem, breaking it down into a series of smaller problems, and finally
writing an application to solve it exercises a student’s logical abilities.
Additionally, the student is made aware of the capabilities and limita-
tions of a computer and soon realizes that the programmer—the human
element—is more important than the machine.
A Guide to Programming in Java is written for a one-term or two-term
course. No previous programming experience is required or assumed. It
is our goal that this text provide students the best possible introduction
to programming using Java and to prepare them for further study in the
IT/programming/computer science field.

Preface iii
Design and Features
Programming Concepts This text emphasizes the fundamental concepts
of programming so that this knowledge can be applied to other program-
ming languages.
Problem Solving From the very beginning, students are taught to imple-
ment programming solutions with proper algorithm design and code
conventions.
Programming Style Throughout the text, proper programming style
is emphasized so that students can make their applications easy to read,
modify, and debug.
Demonstration Applications and Runs Many demonstration applica-
tions are included, complete with sample runs, so that students are shown
both proper programming techniques and the output actually produced
by an application.
Reviews Numerous reviews are presented throughout each chapter to
provide immediate reinforcement of newly learned concepts. Solutions to
the reviews are included on the Teacher Resource Materials CD.
Case Studies Most chapters end by stating a problem, developing an
appropriate algorithm, and then implementing the solution. The process
of specification, design, implementation, and debugging and testing is
clearly outlined.
Chapter Summaries Each chapter ends by summarizing the concepts
and statements covered in the chapter.
Vocabulary Sections Each chapter contains a vocabulary section that
defines new terms. A separate section lists Java keywords, statements,
and classes.
Critical Thinking Written response questions that require critical think-
ing from the student are included at the end of each chapter.
Exercises Each chapter includes a large set of exercises of varying diffi-
culty, making them appropriate for students with a range of abilities. Most
exercises include a demonstration run to help make clear what output is
expected from the student’s application. Exercises based on previous work
are marked with a ö symbol. Answers to the exercises are included on
the Teacher Resource Materials CD.
Indexes In addition to a standard index, an index of the applications
presented in the text is also included.
Appendix A chart of Unicode symbols is included.
Online Resources Materials that complement and extend this text are free
for download and distribution in your class. Information about various
Java compilers is available. Supplemental chapters cover operating systems,
personal finances, introduction to computers, and keyboarding skills are
also provided. Students can download all the files needed to complete the
reviews and exercises from www.lpdatafiles.com.

iv A Guide to Programming in Java

Teacher Resource Materials
Our Teacher Resource Materials correlate directly to the text book and
provide all the additional materials required to offer students an excellent
computer applications course. The Teacher Resource Materials feature:
• START_HERE.htm Help files and a guide for using the text and
resource materials.
• Lesson Plans Lessons in PDF format keyed to the chapters in the
text. Each lesson includes assignments, teaching notes, worksheets,
and additional topics.
• Tutorials Flash movie files that provide animations to illustrate
searching and sorting concepts. Each movie is keyed to the text.
• PowerPoint Presentations Topics keyed to the text are in
PowerPoint files for presentation.
• Vocabulary Word files of the vocabulary presented in the text.
• Rubrics Rubrics keyed to exercises in the text for assessment.
• Worksheets Programming assignments that supplement the exer-
cises in the text provide additional reinforcement of concepts.
• Critical Thinking Answers Answers for the critical thinking
questions presented in the text.
• Data files All the files the student needs to complete the reviews
and exercises in the text, as well as the files needed to complete
the worksheets and tests.
• ExamView® Software Question banks keyed to the text and the
popular ExamView® software are included to create tests, quizzes,
and additional assessment materials.
• Answer files Answers to the reviews, exercises, worksheets, and
tests.

Acknowledgments
Special thanks to the many instructors who used this text in their
classroom as it was being written. I would especially like to thank the
following instructors for their many comments and suggestions:
Paul Massey Hanna-Westside Extension Campus
Edward Sapienza Peabody Veterans Memorial High School
Timothy Strohm Churchville-Chili Senior High School
Jackie Kyger Marine Military Academy
Jan Marrelli, a Lawrenceville Press author and editor, has contributed
much to this text. She has used this text as it was being written in her
classroom. The many comments and suggestions from her and her stu-
dents have helped to make this text so clearly written. Jan, an experienced
instructor, has also written many of the critical thinking questions, exer-
cises, and reviews.

Preface v
Elaine Malfas, senior technical editor at Lawrenceville Press, has pro-
duced the format and layout for this text. The many illustrations have been
created by Elaine as well.
Thanks also to Joseph Dupree in our Customer Relations Department
for some of the original drawings included in this text.
The success of this and all of our texts is due to the efforts of Heidi Crane,
Vice President of Marketing at Lawrenceville Press. Joseph Dupree and
Christina Albanesius run our Customer Relations Department and handle
the thousands of orders we receive in a friendly and efficient manner.
Michael Porter is responsible for the excellent service Lawrenceville Press
offers in the shipping of orders.

About the Author

Beth A. Brown, a Computer Science graduate of Florida Atlantic
University, is director of development at Lawrenceville Press where she
has coauthored a number of programming and applications texts and
their accompanying Teacher Resource Materials. She has taught computer
applications and programming at the high school level.

vi A Guide to Programming in Java

Chapter Expectations

Chapter 1 – An Introduction to Chapter 3 – Introducing Java

Computers After completing Chapter 3, students
After completing Chapter 1, students will be able to:
will be able to: 1. Define terminology associated with object-
1. Compare and contrast various input, output, oriented programming.
and storage devices. 2. Explain why Java is a widely used
2. Identify hardware components and explain programming language.
their function. 3. Create Java applications.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of operating systems. 4. Describe the process involved in executing a
4. Discuss different computer classifications and Java application.
compatibility issues. 5. Display and format program output.
5. Differentiate among the levels of programming 6. Annotate code properly with comments,
languages. formatting, and indentation.
6. Describe communication and networking 7. Explain the importance of using code
components. conventions.
7. Understand the binary number system. 8. Demonstrate algorithm design as a problem-
8. Describe how data is stored in memory and in solving strategy.
files. 9. Use visual organizers to design solutions.
9. Use Internet services to access information and
share resources. Chapter 4 – Variables and Constants
10. Demonstrate proper etiquette and knowledge After completing Chapter 4, students
of acceptable use policies when using a will be able to:
network. 1. Declare and initialize variables and constants
11. Discuss social and ethical issues associated using the appropriate data type.
with computer use. 2. Choose legal identifiers that follow good
programming style.
Chapter 2 – Applets and Web 3. Differentiate between primitive and abstract
Programming data types.
After completing Chapter 2, students 4. Explain how to access Java packages.
will be able to: 5. Demonstrate how to read data from an input
1. Define terminology associated with the World stream.
Wide Web. 6. Write numeric expressions.
2. Discuss the impact of programming on the 7. Apply type casting.
World Wide Web community. 8. Format numeric output.
3. Create HTML documents. 9. Identify Java keywords.
4. Explain how a web browser interprets an 10. Differentiate between syntax and logic errors.
HTML document. 11. Understand run-time exceptions.
5. Use JavaScript to demonstrate how scripts can 12. Read and understand a problem description,
enhance a website. purpose, and goals.
6. Create simple Java applets.
7. Specify custom values for a Java applet that has
been placed in an HTML document.
8. Apply a style sheet to an HTML document.

Preface vii
Chapter 5 – Conditional Control Chapter 8 – Classes and Object-
Structures Oriented Development
After completing Chapter 5, students After completing Chapter 8, students
will be able to: will be able to:
1. Demonstrate the use of decision structures to 1. Understand and instantiate objects.
control the flow of a program. 2. Design and implement a class.
2. Describe how a roundoff error can occur. 3. Apply functional decomposition.
3. Generate random numbers. 4. Apply appropriate naming conventions to a
4. Write compound Boolean expressions. class.
5. Access methods in the Math class. 5. Explain the difference between accessor,
6. Modify existing code. modifier, and helper methods.
7. Develop code with correct and efficient use of 6. Write constructors.
conditional control structures. 7. Compare and contrast instance and class
8. Select appropriate test data. members.
9. Create and modify solutions to problems. 8. Understand class specifications and the
relationships among the classes.
Chapter 6 – Loop Structures and 9. Understand and implement a given class
hierarchy.
Strings 10. Apply encapsulation.
After completing Chapter 6, students
11. Identify reusable code from existing code.
will be able to:
1. Demonstrate the use of repetition control
structures. Chapter 9 – Inheritance and
2. Explain how infinite loops can occur. Polymorphism
3. Differentiate between counters and After completing Chapter 9, students
accumulators. will be able to:
4. Use various tools and techniques to debug an 1. Extend a class using inheritance.
application. 2. Explain an is-a relationship.
5. Manipulate and compare strings using the 3. Implement a subclass.
String class and its methods. 4. Define and demonstrate polymorphism.
6. Develop code with correct and efficient use of 5. Understand abstract classes.
repetitive control structures. 6. Declare and implement an interface.
7. Apply problem solving strategies. 7. Extend existing code using inheritance.

Chapter 7 – Chapter Methods Chapter 10 – Arrays

After completing Chapter 7, students After completing Chapter 10, students
will be able to: will be able to:
1. Use top-down development and procedural 1. Describe types of problems that benefit from
abstraction to develop problem solutions. the use of arrays.
2. Write methods. 2. Create one and two dimensional arrays.
3. Use method parameters. 3. Include array parameters in a method
4. Demonstrate the use of method overloading. declaration.
5. Return values from a method. 4. Understand how to implement arrays with
6. Write appropriate method documentation, meaningful indexes.
including pre- and post-conditions. 5. Apply offset array indexes.
7. Identify boundary cases and generate 6. Manipulate characters in a string.
appropriate test data. 7. Understand the digital code, Unicode.
8. Describe code conventions that apply to 8. Apply search algorithms to an array.
methods. 9. Use methods in the ArrayList class.
10. Demonstrate the use of the Wrapper classes.

viii A Guide to Programming in Java

Chapter 11 – GUIS and Event-Driven Chapter 14 – Data Structures
Programming After completing Chapter 14, students
After completing Chapter 11, students will be able to:
will be able to: 1. Explain how data structures, such as stacks
1. Design graphical user interfaces. and queues, can be used to organize data.
2. Use component classes in the Java swing 2. Use and implement well known data
package. structures.
3. Create event-driven applications. 3. Describe standard operations associated with
data structures.
4. Control the layout of an interface using layout
managers. 4. Choose appropriate data structures.
5. Use text fields and combo boxes to obtain user 5. Differentiate between a LIFO and FIFO
input. structure.
6. Apply color and add images to an interface.

Chapter 12 – Files and Exception

Handling
After completing Chapter 12, students
will be able to:
1. Use the File class to create objects that
represent a file.
2. Write exception handlers.
3. Understand file streams.
4. Read the contents of an existing file.
5. Process numeric data.
6. Create an output file stream.
7. Explain the object serialization and
deserialization processes.

Chapter 13 – Recursion and

Advanced Algorithms
After completing Chapter 13, students
will be able to:
1. Implement the selection sort algorithms.
2. Sort objects using the Comparable interface.
3. Implement the insertion sort algorithm.
4. Define and demonstrate recursion.
5. Implement the mergesort algorithm.
6. Implement the binary search algorithm.
7. Explain the recursive technique, depth-first
searching.
8. Analyze algorithms for efficiency.
9. Design and document sequential search
algorithms.

Preface ix
x A Guide to Programming in Java
Table of Contents

Chapter 1 – An Introduction to Chapter 2 – Applets and Web

Computers Programming
Desktop Computing .................................................1 The World Wide Web.............................................. 35
Operating Systems and Environment ....................2 HTML ...................................................................... 36
Mobile Computing ....................................................4 Creating an HTML Document .............................. 37
Programming Languages ........................................5 Review: hello_world.htm .................................. 38
Networks .................................................................... 6 Review: Computer Viruses Website –
Number Systems .......................................................9 part 1 of 6 ............................................................. 38
Storing Data in Memory ........................................ 10 JavaScript .................................................................. 38
What is a File? ......................................................... 11 Review: welcome.htm........................................ 39
Storage Devices........................................................ 12 Review: Computer Viruses Website –
Intranet, Extranet, Internet .................................... 13 part 2 of 6 ............................................................. 39
Telecommunications ............................................... 14 Using Scripts to Enhance a Website ..................... 40
Internet Services: Web, E-mail, and Review: Computer Viruses Website –
Mailing Lists ............................................................ 15 part 3 of 6 ............................................................. 41
Finding Information on the Web and Review: System Check – part 1 of 2 ................. 41
Downloading Files .................................................. 16 Java Applets ............................................................. 41
Internet Privacy Issues ........................................... 18 Creating Java Applets ............................................. 41
Internet Acceptable Use Policy ............................. 19 Drawing Shapes and Adding Color .....................43
The Social and Ethical Implications of Review: Hot Air Balloon ...................................44
Computer Use .......................................................... 19 Placing an Applet in an HTML Document ........44
Protecting Computer Software and Data ............ 20 Applet Parameters ..................................................44
The Ethical Responsibilities of an IT Review: System Check – part 2 of 2 ................. 45
Professional ..............................................................22 HTML Tags .............................................................. 45
Chapter Summary ..................................................22 Review: Computer Viruses Website –
Vocabulary ............................................................... 25 part 4 of 6 ............................................................. 47
Review Questions ................................................... 29 Hyperlinks, Tables, and Images ............................ 47
Exercises ................................................................... 32 Review: Computer Viruses Website –
part 5 of 6 ............................................................. 49
Style Sheets .............................................................. 49
Review: Computer Viruses Website –
part 6 of 6 ............................................................. 51
Chapter Summary .................................................. 51
Vocabulary ............................................................... 53
HTML Tags ..............................................................54
Critical Thinking ..................................................... 55
Exercises ................................................................... 56

Table of Contents xi
Chapter 3 – Introducing Java Chapter 5 – Conditional Control
Why Program in Java? ............................................ 59 Structures
Objects, Classes, and Packages ............................. 59
The if Statement ..................................................... 105
A Java Application .................................................. 61
Roundoff Error ...................................................... 106
Executing a Java Application ................................. 62
Review: SurfsUp – part 1 of 3 ......................... 106
Review: Greeting................................................ 62
The if-else Statement............................................. 106
Displaying Output ..................................................63
Review: SurfsUp – part 2 of 3 ......................... 107
Review: AboutMe – part 1 of 2 .........................64
Review: CircleCircumference – part 2 of 2... 107
Formatting Output..................................................64
Nested Statements ................................................. 107
Review: AboutMe – part 2 of 2 .........................65
Review: Stages .................................................. 107
Code Conventions ...................................................65
The if-else if Statement ......................................... 108
Algorithm Design ................................................... 66
Review: SurfsUp – part 3 of 3 ......................... 108
Chapter Summary .................................................. 67
Review: Discriminant...................................... 108
Vocabulary ............................................................... 69
The switch Statement............................................ 109
Java ............................................................................ 70
Review: Hurricane ........................................... 110
Critical Thinking ..................................................... 71
Generating Random Numbers ............................ 110
Exercises ................................................................... 72
Review: RandomNum ..................................... 111
Compound Boolean Expressions ........................ 112
Review: Delivery .............................................. 113
Chapter 4 – Variables and The Math Class ...................................................... 113
Review: PerfectSquare ..................................... 114
Constants Chapter 5 Case Study ........................................... 114
Declaring Variables.................................................77 Review: RPS – part 1 of 2 ................................ 118
Using Variables ........................................................ 78 Review: RPS – part 2 of 2 ................................ 118
Review: RectanglePerimeter............................. 79 Chapter Summary ................................................ 119
Primitive Data Types .............................................. 79 Vocabulary ............................................................. 120
Review: Distance – part 1 of 2 .......................... 79 Java .......................................................................... 121
Abstract Data Types ................................................80 Critical Thinking ................................................... 122
Java Packages ...........................................................80 Exercises ................................................................. 123
Obtaining a Value from the User .......................... 81
Review: Distance – part 2 of 2 .......................... 82
Numeric Expressions..............................................83
Review: Digits.....................................................84
Chapter 6 – Loop Structures and
Type Casting ............................................................84 Strings
Review: GradeAvg – part 1 of 2 .......................85
The while Statement ............................................. 131
Review: TempConverter ....................................85
The do-while Statement ....................................... 131
Formatting Numeric Output ................................. 86
Infinite Loops ........................................................ 132
Assignment Operators ........................................... 86
Review: Prompter ............................................ 133
Review: GradeAvg – part 2 of 2 ....................... 87
Counters and Accumulators................................ 133
Using Named Constants ........................................ 87
Review: Evens ................................................... 134
Identifiers and Keywords ...................................... 88
Review: NumbersSum .................................... 134
Review: CircleCircumference – part 1 of 2..... 88
Review: PercentPassing ................................... 134
Programming Errors .............................................. 88
The for Statement .................................................. 135
Chapter 4 Case Study .............................................90
Review: Factorial .............................................. 136
Chapter Summary .................................................. 93
Review: OddSum ............................................. 136
Vocabulary ............................................................... 95
Debugging Techniques ........................................ 136
Java ............................................................................ 96
Review: Variable Trace .................................... 137
Critical Thinking ..................................................... 97
The String Class .................................................... 138
Exercises ................................................................... 99
Review: AccountSetup .................................... 139
Comparing Strings................................................ 140
Review: FormalGreeting ................................. 141

xii Table of Contents

Chapter 6 Case Study ........................................... 141 Chapter 8 Case Study ........................................... 196
Review: WordGuess ......................................... 146 Review: RPS2 – part 1 of 2 .............................. 202
Chapter Summary ................................................ 146 Review: RPS2 – part 2 of 2 .............................. 202
Vocabulary ............................................................. 148 Chapter Summary ................................................ 202
Java .......................................................................... 148 Vocabulary ............................................................. 204
Critical Thinking ................................................... 149 Java .......................................................................... 205
Exercises ................................................................. 150 Critical Thinking ................................................... 206
Exercises ................................................................. 208

Chapter 7 – Methods
Program Development Using Methods ............. 157
Chapter 9 – Inheritance and
Writing Methods ................................................... 159 Polymorphism
Review: TimeConverter................................... 160
Extending a Class .................................................. 213
Method Parameters............................................... 160
Implementing a Subclass ..................................... 214
Review: SpanishNumbers .............................. 161
Review: Puck – part 1 of 2 ............................... 216
Review: DisplayBox – part 1 of 2 ................... 162
Polymorphism ....................................................... 217
Method Overloading ............................................ 162
Review: Music – part 1 of 2 ............................. 221
Review: DisplayBox – part 2 of 2 ................... 163
Abstract Classes ....................................................222
The return Statement ............................................ 163
Review: Music – part 2 of 2 .............................225
Review: Exponentiation .................................. 164
Interfaces ................................................................225
Documenting Methods ........................................ 164
Review: Disk ..................................................... 227
Review ............................................................... 165
Review: Puck – part 2 of 2 ............................... 227
Chapter 7 Case Study ........................................... 165
Review: Rectangle – part 4 of 4 ...................... 227
Review: GradeConverter ................................. 171
Review: Rectangle – part 4 of 5 ...................... 227
Chapter Summary ................................................ 171
Chapter 9 Case Study ........................................... 227
Vocabulary ............................................................. 173
Review: SalesCenter.........................................234
Java .......................................................................... 173
Chapter Summary ................................................234
Critical Thinking ................................................... 174
Vocabulary ............................................................. 236
Exercises ................................................................. 175
Java .......................................................................... 236
Critical Thinking ................................................... 237
Exercises ................................................................. 238
Chapter 8 – Classes and Object-
Oriented Development
What is an Object? ................................................ 179
Chapter 10 – Arrays
Designing and Writing a Class ........................... 180 Declaring Arrays ................................................... 239
Review: Circle – part 1 of 4 ............................. 182 Using Arrays .......................................................... 240
Review: Coin – part 1 of 2 ............................... 182 Review: StudentRoster .................................... 241
Writing Constructors ............................................ 183 Review: Squares ............................................... 241
Review: Circle – part 2 of 4 ............................. 184 Review: Reverse ............................................... 241
Review: Rectangle – part 1 of 5 ...................... 184 Array Parameters .................................................. 241
Instance and Class Members............................... 184 Arrays with Meaningful Indexes ....................... 242
Review: Circle – part 3 of 4 ............................. 185 Review: DiceRolls – part 1 of 2 ....................... 243
Review: Rectangle – part 2 of 5 ...................... 185 Review: DiceRolls – part 2 of 2 ....................... 243
The Object Class .................................................... 185 Review: NumberCounts.................................. 243
Review: Circle – part 4 of 4 ............................. 187 Characters and Arrays ......................................... 244
Review: Rectangle – part 3 of 5 ...................... 187 Review: CountLetters ...................................... 246
Review: Coin – part 2 of 2 ............................... 187 Review: NameBackwards ............................... 246
Classes Using Classes ........................................... 187 Searching an Array ............................................... 246
Review: Bank .................................................... 191 Review: FindName .......................................... 247
Object-Oriented Development ............................ 191 Two-Dimensional Arrays ..................................... 247
Review: Carnival .............................................. 195 The ArrayList Class .............................................. 252

Table of Contents xiii

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