Linux Command Cheat Sheet
By : Mary Brent Updated October 14, 2023
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In this Linux/Unix command
line cheat sheet, you will learn:
• Basic Linux commands
• File Permission commands
• Environment Variables
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• User management commands
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of linux
• Networking command
• Process command
• VI Editing Commands
Basic Linux commands
Command Description
Lists all files and directories in the present working
ls
directory
ls -R Lists files in sub-directories as well
ls -a Lists hidden files as well
Lists files and directories with detailed information
ls -al
like permissions,size, owner, etc.
cd or cd ~ Navigate to HOME directory
cd .. Move one level up
Command Description
cd To change to a particular directory
cd / Move to the root directory
cat > filename Creates a new file
cat filename Displays the file content
cat file1 file2 > Joins two files (file1, file2) and stores the output in a
file3 new file (file3)
mv file "new file
Moves the files to the new location
path"
mv filename
Renames the file to a new filename
new_file_name
Allows regular users to run programs with the
sudo
security privileges of the superuser or root
rm filename Deletes a file
man Gives help information on a command
Gives a list of all past commands typed in the
history
current terminal session
clear Clears the terminal
mkdir Creates a new directory in the present working
directoryname directory or a at the specified path
rmdir Deletes a directory
mv Renames a directory
pr -x Divides the file into x columns
Command Description
pr -h Assigns a header to the file
pr -n Denotes the file with Line Numbers
lp -nc , lpr c Prints “c” copies of the File
lp-d lp-P
Specifies name of the printer
apt-get
Command used to install and update packages
mail -s 'subject'
-c 'cc-address'
-b 'bcc-address' Command to send email
'to-address'
mail -s "Subject"
to-address <
Command to send email with attachment
Filename
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File Permission commands
Command Description
ls -l to show file type and access permission
r read permission
w write permission
x execute permission
-= no permission
Chown user For changing the ownership of a file/directory
Chown user:group change the user as well as group for a file or
filename directory
Environment Variables command
Command Description
echo $VARIABLE To display value of a variable
env Displays all environment variables
VARIABLE_NAME= variable_value Create a new variable
Unset Remove a variable
export Variable=value To set value of an environment variable
User management commands of linux
Command Description
Command Description
sudo adduser username To add a new user
sudo passwd -l 'username' To change the password of a user
sudo userdel -r 'username' To remove a newly created user
sudo usermod -a -G GROUPNAME
To add a user to a group
USERNAME
sudo deluser USER GROUPNAME To remove a user from a group
Shows information of all the users
finger
logged in
finger username Gives information of a particular user
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Networking command
Command Description
SSH username@ip-address or login into a remote Linux machine using
hostname SSH
Command Description
To ping and Analyzing network and host
Ping hostname="" or =""
connections
Display files in the current directory of a
dir
remote computer
change directory to “dirname” on a
cd "dirname"
remote computer
upload ‘file’ from local to remote
put file
computer
Download ‘file’ from remote to local
get file
computer
quit Logout
Process command
Command Description
bg To send a process to the background
fg To run a stopped process in the foreground
top Details on all Active Processes
ps Give the status of processes running for a user
ps PID Gives the status of a particular process
pidof Gives the Process ID (PID) of a process
kill PID Kills a process
nice Starts a process with a given priority
Command Description
renice Changes priority of an already running process
df Gives free hard disk space on your system
free Gives free RAM on your system
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VI Editing Commands
Command Description
i Insert at cursor (goes into insert mode)
a Write a�er cursor (goes into insert mode)
A Write at the end of line (goes into insert mode)
ESC Terminate insert mode
u Undo last change
U Undo all changes to the entire line
o Open a new line (goes into insert mode)
Command Description
dd Delete line
3dd Delete 3 lines
D Delete contents of line a�er the cursor
Delete contents of a line a�er the cursor and insert new text.
C
Press ESC key to end insertion.
dw Delete word
4dw Delete 4 words
cw Change word
x Delete character at the cursor
r Replace character
R Overwrite characters from cursor onward
s Substitute one character under cursor continue to insert
Substitute entire line and begin to insert at the beginning of the
S
line
~ Change case of individual character
Hope this Linux reference guide helps you!
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