CN 320: MICROPROCESSOR AND

MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEMS

LECTURE I- INTRODUCTION

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Introduction
 Microprocessor also known as the central processing unit
(CPU), is the brain of all computers and many household and
electronic devices.
 A single integrated circuit (IC) chip containing transistors,
diodes & resistors
 CPU built on a single chip – Microprocessor
 A digital computer that has one microprocessor –
Microcomputer/Microcontroller

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History
 Fairchild Semiconductor (founded in 1957) inverted the first
IC in 1959.
 In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore, Andrew
Grove resigned from Fairchild Semiconductors.
 They founded their own company named Intel (Integrated
Electronics).
 The first microprocessor inverted was a 4 bit, then 8 bit, 16
bit, 32 bit and 64 bit were founded

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History
 4 bit microprocessor
Intel 4004
Intel 4040
8 bit microprocessor
intel 8008
intel 8080
intel 8085
16 bit microprocessor
intel 8086
intel 8088
4 intel 80186, 80188 & 80286
History
 32 bit microprocessor
Intel 80386
Intel 80486
Intel Pentium
Intel Pentium pro
Intel pentium II
Intel pentium II xeon
Intel pentuim III
Intel pentium IV
Intel dual core
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History
 64 bit microprocessor
Intel core 2
Intel core i3
Intel core i5
Intel core i7

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Technology Used
 The semiconductor manufacturing Technologies used for
chips, with µP included are:
- Transistor- Transistor Logic (TTL)
- Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL)
- Complementary Metal –Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)

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Classifications of Microprocessors
 Classifications of Microprocessors is based on their
specifications, application and architecture.
 Based on Size of data bus
 4 –bit microprocessor
 8-bit microprocessor
 16-bit microprocessor
 32- bit microprocessor
 64- bit microprocessor

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Classifications of Microprocessors
 Based on application:
 General –purpose microprocessor- used in general computer
system and can be used by programmer for any applications.
Example 8085 to Intel core i7.
 Microcontroller- microprocessor with built in memory and
ports and can be programmed for any control application.
Example 8051.
 Special-purpose processor- designed to handle special
functions required for an application. Example, digital
signal processor etc.

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Classifications of Microprocessors
 Based on Architecture:
 Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) processor: CPU
that support a large number of potential instructions, many
specialized addressing modes and registers. Example Intel
x86
 Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) processor: CPU
with a simplified processor work, having very small number
of instructions, very few addressing mode and fixed length of
code. Example IBM PowerPC processor

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Microprocessor Architecture
 The MPU communicates with Memory and I/O using the
System Bus
 Address bus
Unidirectional
Memory and I/O Address
 Data bus
Bidirectional
Transfer binary data and instructions
 Control lines
Read and write timing signal
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Microprocessor (MPU)
• MPU (CPU)
Read instructions
process binary data

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Memory
 Storage Devices
Addresses
Registers
• Major Categories
Read/write Memory
(R/W)
Read only Memory
(ROM)

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Input/Output (I/O)
 Input Devices
Switches and keypads
Provides binary information to the MPU
 Output Devices
LED and LCDs
Receive binary information from the MPU

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Microprocessor – Basic Concept

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Processor Architecture
 CISC
Large amount of instructions each carrying out a different
permutation of the same operation.
Functionality of the instructions is more dependent upon
the processor’s designer.
 RISC
Fundamental set of instructions.
More control for users to design their own operations.

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Processor Architecture
 Princeton (Von Neumann) architecture
 Common memory for program and data
 Simple chip design
 Execution of an instruction can take multiple cycles
 Princeton architecture example
Mov acc, reg
Cycle 1 Read instruction
Cycle 2 Read data out of
Ram and put into Acc

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Von Neumann Architecture

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Processor Architecture
 Harvard architecture
 Separate memory space for program and data,
 Instructions are executed in one cycle,
 Easier timing of loops and delays.
 Harvard architecture example
Mov acc, reg
Cycle 1 Execute previous instruction
Read “move acc, reg”
Cycle 2 Execute “move acc,
reg” instruction
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Harvard Architecture

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Microcontroller

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History
 It was during 1970 and 1971 when Intel was working on
inventing the world's first microprocessor, that Gary Boone
of Texas Instruments was working on quite a similar concept
and invented the microcontroller
 First used in 1975 (Intel 8048)
 The introduction of EEPROM in 1993, allowed
microcontroller to be electrically erased
 The same year, Atmel introduced the first microcontroller
using Flash memory

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Microcontroller
 A self – contained system in which a processor, support,
memory and input/output (I/O) are all contained in a single
package.
 A small computer system on a single IC
 Usually have low-power requirements since many devices
they control are battery-operated
 Microcontrollers are used in many consumer electronics, car
engines, computer peripherals and test or measurement
equipment

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Microcontroller

A small computer system on a single IC

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Microcontroller

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Classification of Microcontrollers
Microcontrollers are classified according to:
 Number of bits
 The bits in microcontroller are 4-bits 8-bits, 16-bits and 32-
bits microcontroller
 Memory Devices
 Embedded memory microcontroller
 External memory microcontroller
 Instruction Set
 CISC
 RISC
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Classification of Microcontrollers
 Memory Architecture
 Harvard memory architecture microcontroller
 Princeton memory architecture microcontroller
 Family
 8051, Motorola, PIC, Texas, ARM etc.

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Classification of Microcontrollers

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Basic Features of Microcontroller
 Processor reset
 Device clocking
 Central processor
 Program and Variable Memory (RAM)
 I/O Pins
 Instruction cycle timers

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More Sophisticated Features
 Built in Monitor/ debugger program
 Interrupt capability
 Analog I/O (PWM and variable dc I/O)
 Serial I/O (synchronous, asynchronous)
 Parallel I/O (Including direct interface to a master
processor)
 External memory interface

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Basic Microcontroller Architecture

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Basic Microcontroller Architecture
 Memory
RAM
ROM
Store data and code
 CPU
Mathematical and logical operation
Memory units are called Register

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Basic Microcontroller Architecture
 BUS
– Group of 8,16 or more wires
– Three type, address bus, data bus and control bus
 Input-output unit
– port A, port B, port C … …
– Input, output and bidirectional ports
 Serial communication
 Timer unit
 Watchdog
– Automatic reset to prevent stall
33  Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
Applications General Computing (i.e. Laptop, Appliances, specialized
tablets) devices
speed Very fast Relatively slow
External Parts Many Few
Cost High Low
Energy Use Medium to High Very low to low
Vendors Intel, AMD, ARM ATMEL, ST, TEXAS
INSTRUNENTS,
MICROCHIP

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Thank you

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