Course conduct

• Number of sessions
• Theory / Lab Days, Timings
• How to follow Lab sessions
• Expectations from Students
• About Oracle courseware

1
Oracle course Breakup

• Introduction to DBMS
• SQL
• PL/SQL
• Oracle Architecture

2
List of Books

• Oracle 9i : The complete Reference

(Oracle Press)
• SQL, PL/SQL Programming Language of
Oracle8 By
Ivan Bayross (BPB publication)
• SQL for Professionals
By Kishore, Naik (TMH)

3
INTRODUCTION
TO
DBMS
Introduction to DBMS

• Objectives -
– Identify the need of DBMS
– Distinguish between manual and computerised
database management
– State the evolution of DBMS
– State what is Database
– List the components of a Database
– Describe DBMS characteristics
5
Key to Success

Judgemen
t Informatio
n

Succes
s

Data Knowledg
e

6
Key to Success
Succes
s
Decision
Judgemen
t
Reasonin
Knowledg g
e
Analysis
Informatio
n
Organise
Data

7
Approaches to
Data Management

• Data Management goals

– Convenient and efficient retrieval
– Updating operations

• Types
– Manual Data Management
– DBMS ( Computer based)

8
Manual Data Management
• Problems & limitations in Manual Data
Management
– Physical volume of data
– No sharing
– Data isolation
– Data Redundancy
– Diffused Responsibilities
– Difficult access to the data
– Poor support for concurrent access to the data
– Weak Integrity / unsatisfactory security measures
9
Evolution of DBMS

• The evolution of database management

system was accompanied and promoted by
advancements in computing
– Hardware
– Operating System
– Networking

10
Evolution of DBMS

• Technological Advancement in Data

Management
– Using computers to speedup processing of data
– Advancement of processing power & storage
devices
– Sharing data among multiple user
– Centralized to distributed processing
– Centralized to distributed databases
11
Changes in
Computing Scenario

• Mainframe / Host based Computing

• File Server / LAN based Computing
• Client Server Computing
• Web Based Computing

12
Mainframe / Host based
Computing
The Server / Terminal Model : Dumb Client / Smart Server ( e.g. : Unix Environment )

Minicomputer
or Mainframe

Local
Terminal

Modem

Remote
Modem Terminal

13
File Server / LAN based
Computing
The File Server Model : Smart Client / Dumb Server

PC PC

Network Cable

Changed data file sent to the server

Data file sent to the PC

PC
File Server

14
Client / Server Computing
The Client/ Server Model : Smart Client / Smart Server

Query
PC PC
Query Results
Database
Server

Network Cable

PC
File Server

15
Definition of a Database

• Database is a collection of facts

• Database is a self describing organised

collection of integrated data

16
Components of a Database

• Fundamental components of database are

– User/Application data
• Actual data / facts
– Data Dictionary
• Data about Data
• Data that describes data
– Overhead data
• Indexes, Integrity etc...

17
DBMS Characteristics
• Control of Data Redundancy
• Sharing of Data
• Maintenance of Integrity
• Support for Transaction Control and Recovery
• Data abstraction
• Data Independence
• Availability of Productivity Tools
• Control over Security
18
DBMS Characteristics
• Control of Data Redundancy :
– DBMS does not automatically remove
redundancies but help to control redundancy

• Sharing of Data :
– DBMS allows many applications to share the
data
– Data sharing is in a controlled manner

19
DBMS Characteristics
• Maintenance of Integrity :
– Integrity of data refers to the correctness, consistency
and interrelationship of the data with the application
which uses the data

– Entity Integrity
• Primary key
• Domain of values

– Referential Integrity
• Interrelationship between different data files /
tables
20
DBMS Characteristics
• Support for transaction control and Recovery
:
– Transaction is a series of operations (updates)
treated as single logical transaction (atomic)

– With transactions database is never in a state

where only some updates have taken place

21
DBMS Characteristics
• Data Abstraction :
– Different views from different planes / levels

– External view
• User / application view

– Conceptual view
• Logical view

– Internal View
• Details about the structure of data
• Physical storage of Information

22
DBMS Characteristics

• Data Independence :

– The way information is stored and the way

information is used is independent of each other

– The data and application are independent

• Logical data independence
• Physical data Independence

23
DBMS Characteristics

• Availability of Productivity Tools :

– Provides sophisticated tools for increased

programming productivity and end user
computing tools such as
• Powerful query languages
• Screen and report painters
• Other 4GL tools, etc.

24
DBMS Characteristics

• Control over security :

– DBMSs provide tools by which the DBA can
ensure security of the data
– Use of
• User Code, Password
• Privileges, Roles

25
DBMS Characteristics

• Processing speeds :
– DBMSs provide a lot of facilities over
conventional file systems
– Continuos efforts towards making DBMSs
more efficient

26
DBMS Characteristics

• Hardware Independence :
– Most DBMSs are available across hardware
platforms and operating systems
– Applications can be easily ported

27