Introduction
In this chapter, we will explore bitwise operators in TypeScript. Bitwise operators are used to perform operations at the binary level.
Table of Contents
- Definition
- Types of Bitwise Operators
- Bitwise AND (
&) - Bitwise OR (
|) - Bitwise XOR (
^) - Bitwise NOT (
~) - Left Shift (
<<) - Right Shift (
>>) - Unsigned Right Shift (
>>>)
- Bitwise AND (
- Examples and Output
- Conclusion
Definition
Bitwise operators in TypeScript are used to perform bit-level operations on binary representations of integers. These operators treat their operands as a set of 32 bits (zeroes and ones) and perform operations on those bits.
Types of Bitwise Operators
Bitwise AND (&)
Definition
The bitwise AND operator performs a logical AND operation on each pair of corresponding bits of two operands. The result is 1 if both corresponding bits are 1; otherwise, the result is 0.
Syntax
let result = operand1 & operand2; Example
This example demonstrates the use of the bitwise AND operator.
let a: number = 5; // Binary: 0101 let b: number = 3; // Binary: 0011 let andResult = a & b; console.log(andResult); // Output: 1 (Binary: 0001) Output
1 Bitwise OR (|)
Definition
The bitwise OR operator performs a logical OR operation on each pair of corresponding bits of two operands. The result is 1 if at least one of the corresponding bits is 1; otherwise, the result is 0.
Syntax
let result = operand1 | operand2; Example
This example demonstrates the use of the bitwise OR operator.
let a: number = 5; // Binary: 0101 let b: number = 3; // Binary: 0011 let orResult = a | b; console.log(orResult); // Output: 7 (Binary: 0111) Output
7 Bitwise XOR (^)
Definition
The bitwise XOR operator performs a logical XOR operation on each pair of corresponding bits of two operands. The result is 1 if exactly one of the corresponding bits is 1; otherwise, the result is 0.
Syntax
let result = operand1 ^ operand2; Example
This example demonstrates the use of the bitwise XOR operator.
let a: number = 5; // Binary: 0101 let b: number = 3; // Binary: 0011 let xorResult = a ^ b; console.log(xorResult); // Output: 6 (Binary: 0110) Output
6 Bitwise NOT (~)
Definition
The bitwise NOT operator inverts the bits of its operand. Each bit is flipped, meaning 0 becomes 1 and 1 becomes 0.
Syntax
let result = ~operand; Example
This example demonstrates the use of the bitwise NOT operator.
let a: number = 5; // Binary: 0101 let notResult = ~a; console.log(notResult); // Output: -6 (Binary: 1010, but considering the sign bit) Output
-6 Left Shift (<<)
Definition
The left shift operator shifts the bits of its operand to the left by the specified number of positions. Zero bits are shifted in from the right.
Syntax
let result = operand << numberOfPositions; Example
This example demonstrates the use of the left shift operator.
let a: number = 5; // Binary: 0101 let leftShiftResult = a << 1; console.log(leftShiftResult); // Output: 10 (Binary: 1010) Output
10 Right Shift (>>)
Definition
The right shift operator shifts the bits of its operand to the right by the specified number of positions. The sign bit is used to fill the leftmost bits.
Syntax
let result = operand >> numberOfPositions; Example
This example demonstrates the use of the right shift operator.
let a: number = 5; // Binary: 0101 let rightShiftResult = a >> 1; console.log(rightShiftResult); // Output: 2 (Binary: 0010) Output
2 Unsigned Right Shift (>>>)
Definition
The unsigned right shift operator shifts the bits of its operand to the right by the specified number of positions. Zero bits are shifted in from the left.
Syntax
let result = operand >>> numberOfPositions; Example
This example demonstrates the use of the unsigned right shift operator.
let a: number = -5; // Binary: 11111111111111111111111111111011 (in 32-bit signed integer representation) let unsignedRightShiftResult = a >>> 1; console.log(unsignedRightShiftResult); // Output: 2147483645 (Binary: 01111111111111111111111111111101) Output
2147483645 Examples and Output
Example 1: Using Bitwise Operators
In this example, we will use all the bitwise operators to perform different operations.
TypeScript Code (src/index.ts)
let a: number = 5; // Binary: 0101 let b: number = 3; // Binary: 0011 // Bitwise AND let andResult = a & b; console.log("Bitwise AND: " + andResult); // Output: 1 // Bitwise OR let orResult = a | b; console.log("Bitwise OR: " + orResult); // Output: 7 // Bitwise XOR let xorResult = a ^ b; console.log("Bitwise XOR: " + xorResult); // Output: 6 // Bitwise NOT let notResult = ~a; console.log("Bitwise NOT: " + notResult); // Output: -6 // Left Shift let leftShiftResult = a << 1; console.log("Left Shift: " + leftShiftResult); // Output: 10 // Right Shift let rightShiftResult = a >> 1; console.log("Right Shift: " + rightShiftResult); // Output: 2 // Unsigned Right Shift let unsignedRightShiftResult = -5 >>> 1; console.log("Unsigned Right Shift: " + unsignedRightShiftResult); // Output: 2147483645 Compiling to JavaScript
To compile the TypeScript code to JavaScript, run the TypeScript compiler:
tsc src/index.ts Output in JavaScript (src/index.js)
var a = 5; // Binary: 0101 var b = 3; // Binary: 0011 // Bitwise AND var andResult = a & b; console.log("Bitwise AND: " + andResult); // Output: 1 // Bitwise OR var orResult = a | b; console.log("Bitwise OR: " + orResult); // Output: 7 // Bitwise XOR var xorResult = a ^ b; console.log("Bitwise XOR: " + xorResult); // Output: 6 // Bitwise NOT var notResult = ~a; console.log("Bitwise NOT: " + notResult); // Output: -6 // Left Shift var leftShiftResult = a << 1; console.log("Left Shift: " + leftShiftResult); // Output: 10 // Right Shift var rightShiftResult = a >> 1; console.log("Right Shift: " + rightShiftResult); // Output: 2 // Unsigned Right Shift var unsignedRightShiftResult = -5 >>> 1; console.log("Unsigned Right Shift: " + unsignedRightShiftResult); // Output: 2147483645 Running the JavaScript
To see the output of the compiled JavaScript code, run the JavaScript file using Node.js:
node src/index.js Conclusion
In this chapter, we covered bitwise operators in TypeScript, including bitwise AND, bitwise OR, bitwise XOR, bitwise NOT, left shift, right shift, and unsigned right shift. We provided examples with their outputs to illustrate how these operators work in TypeScript.