Introduction Namespaces in C# are used to organize and provide a level of separation for classes, interfaces, structs, enums, and delegates. They help avoid naming conflicts by grouping logically related types under a single name. Namespaces also make it easier to locate and manage the types in a large project. Defining a Namespace A namespace …
Introduction In C#, the checked and unchecked keywords are used to control the behavior of overflow-checking for integral-type arithmetic operations and conversions. By default, arithmetic operations and conversions in C# do not check for overflow unless specified otherwise. The checked keyword ensures that an overflow will raise an exception, while the unchecked keyword suppresses overflow-checking …
Introduction Creating custom exceptions in C# allows you to define application-specific error conditions. Custom exceptions provide more meaningful error messages and can encapsulate additional information about the error, making your code more robust and easier to debug. Creating a Custom Exception To create a custom exception, you derive a new class from the Exception class. …
Introduction The finally block in C# is used to execute a set of statements regardless of whether an exception is thrown or not. It is typically used for cleaning up resources, such as closing file handles, database connections, or releasing memory. The finally block always runs after the try and catch blocks, making it a …
Introduction The try/catch blocks in C# are used to handle exceptions that occur during the execution of a program. Exceptions are runtime errors that disrupt the normal flow of the program. By using try/catch blocks, you can catch and handle these exceptions gracefully, ensuring that your program continues to run or terminates cleanly. Basic Structure …
Introduction Exception handling in C# is a mechanism to handle runtime errors and maintain the normal flow of the application. C# provides a structured way to handle exceptions using try, catch, finally, and throw keywords. Proper exception handling ensures that your program can gracefully handle unexpected conditions and continue to operate or terminate cleanly. Keywords …
Introduction Abstract classes and methods are key features in C# that enable you to define classes and methods with incomplete implementation. An abstract class cannot be instantiated, and it serves as a blueprint for other classes. Abstract methods are declared in abstract classes and must be implemented by derived classes. These features promote a clear …
Introduction An interface in C# is a contract that defines a set of methods, properties, events, or indexers that a class or struct must implement. Interfaces do not contain any implementation; they only provide the signature of the members. This allows for a form of multiple inheritance and promotes the design of loosely coupled and …
Introduction Abstraction is one of the four fundamental principles of object-oriented programming (OOP). It involves the process of hiding the implementation details and showing only the essential features of an object. Abstraction focuses on the what rather than the how. It helps in reducing complexity by allowing the user to interact with an object at …
Introduction Method overriding is a feature in C# that allows a derived class to provide a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its base class. Method overriding is a key aspect of runtime polymorphism, enabling dynamic method invocation. The base class method must be marked with the virtual keyword, and the …
Introduction Method overloading is a feature in C# that allows a class to have multiple methods with the same name but different parameters. The parameters can differ by the number of parameters, the type of parameters, or both. Method overloading helps to enhance the readability and maintainability of the code by allowing multiple methods to …
Introduction Polymorphism is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class rather than their actual class. Polymorphism enables a single interface to represent different underlying forms (data types). In C#, polymorphism is primarily achieved through method overriding and interfaces. Types of Polymorphism Compile-Time Polymorphism …
Introduction Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that allows a class to inherit properties and methods from another class. The class that inherits is called the derived class (or child class), and the class from which it inherits is called the base class (or parent class). Inheritance promotes code reusability and establishes …
Introduction Encapsulation is one of the four fundamental principles of object-oriented programming (OOP). It refers to the bundling of data (fields or properties) and methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single unit, typically a class. Encapsulation restricts direct access to some of an object’s components, which can help prevent the accidental modification …
Introduction Access modifiers in C# are keywords used to specify the accessibility or visibility of classes, methods, properties, fields, and other members. They control the scope of accessibility of these members within the code. Understanding access modifiers is essential for encapsulation in object-oriented programming. Types of Access Modifiers public private protected internal protected internal private …
Introduction A constructor is a special method in a class that is called when an object of the class is created. Constructors are used to initialize the object’s data members and allocate resources. In C#, constructors have the same name as the class and do not have a return type. They can be overloaded to …
Introduction Classes and objects are fundamental concepts in object-oriented programming (OOP). A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects. An object is an instance of a class, containing both data (fields or properties) and methods (functions) that operate on the data. Classes A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects. In …
Introduction Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects", which can contain data in the form of fields (often known as attributes or properties) and code in the form of procedures (often known as methods). C# is a fully object-oriented programming language that provides robust features for building modular, reusable, …
Introduction Strings in C# are sequences of characters used to represent text. The string type in C# is an alias for System.String, and it is a reference type. Strings in C# are immutable, meaning that once a string is created, it cannot be modified. Instead, any modifications to a string result in the creation of …
Introduction Jagged arrays, also known as "array-of-arrays", are arrays whose elements are also arrays. The elements of a jagged array can be of different dimensions and sizes, which provides flexibility in managing data structures that are not uniform. Jagged arrays are particularly useful when working with data that naturally fits into a hierarchical or uneven …
Introduction Multi-dimensional arrays in C# are arrays of arrays, allowing you to store data in a tabular or matrix form. The most commonly used multi-dimensional array is the two-dimensional array, but C# also supports arrays with more dimensions. Types of Multi-Dimensional Arrays Two-Dimensional Arrays Three-Dimensional Arrays Arrays with Higher Dimensions 1. Two-Dimensional Arrays A two-dimensional …
Introduction A single-dimensional array, also known as a linear array, is the simplest form of an array. It is a list of elements of the same type, stored in contiguous memory locations. Single-dimensional arrays are useful for storing and managing collections of data where the number of elements is known and fixed. Syntax dataType[] arrayName …
Introduction Arrays in C# are used to store multiple values of the same type in a single variable. They are a collection of items stored at contiguous memory locations. Arrays are useful when you need to work with a collection of similar data types. They provide a way to manage and organize large amounts of …
Introduction A recursive function in C# is a function that calls itself to solve a problem. Recursive functions are useful for problems that can be divided into smaller, similar subproblems. Each recursive call should bring the problem closer to a base case, which terminates the recursion. How Recursive Functions Work Base Case: The condition that …
Introduction In C#, when you pass a parameter to a method, it can be done in two ways: call by value and call by reference. Call by reference allows a method to modify the actual value of the variable being passed. When a parameter is passed by reference, the method receives a reference to the …