feat: add global functions

Author: ExploitEngineer

part1 (Basics)/13_global.functions.js

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+/*
+INFO: Global Functions
+These can be called directly, like parseInt() or isNaN(), without needing an object like MATH. or JSON. 
+*/
+
+/*
+INFO: parseInt(string, radix)
+1. Converts a string to an integer
+2. radix is the base (like 10 for decimal, 2 for binary)
+*/
+parseInt("42"); // 42
+parseInt("101", 2); // 5 (binary to decimal)
+parseInt("10.5"); // 10 (ignores decimal)
+parseInt("10abc"); // 10 (ignores alphabet)
+parseInt("abc"); // NaN
+
+/*
+INFO: parseFloat(string)
+Converts a string to a floating point number.
+*/
+parseFloat("3.14"); // 3.14
+parseFloat("10.00"); // 10
+parseFloat("10abc"); // 10
+parseFloat("abc"); // NaN
+
+/*
+INFO: isNaN(value)
+1. Checks if a value is NaN (Not a Number)
+2. isNaN() tries to coerce non-numbers into number
+*/
+isNaN("hello"); // true
+isNaN(123); // false
+isNaN("123"); // false -> "123" is coerced to number
+inNaN(NaN); // true
+
+/*
+INFO: isFinite()
+Checks if a value is a finite number (not Infinity, -Infinity or NaN)
+*/
+isFinite(100); // true
+isFinite("50"); // true (coerced)
+isFinite(Infinity); // false
+isFinite(NaN); // false
+
+/*
+INFO: encodeURIComponent(str)
+1. Encodes a URI component (useful for query strings, URLs).
+2. Replace unsafe characters with escape sequences.
+*/
+const name = "rafay & team";
+const safe = encodeURIComponent(name);
+console.log(safe); // "rafay%20%26%20team"
+
+/*
+INFO: decodeURIComponent(str)
+Reverses encodeURIComponent()
+*/
+decodeURIComponent("rafay%20%26%20team"); // "refay & team"
+
+/*
+INFO: String(value)
+Converts any value to a string
+*/
+String(123); // "123"
+String(true); // "true"
+String(null); // "null"
+
+/*
+INFO: Number(value)
+Converts to number, if possbile.
+*/
+Number("123"); // 123
+Number("abc"); // NaN
+Number(true); // 1
+Number(false); // 0
+
+/*
+INFO: Boolean(value)
+Converts to true or false.
+*/
+Boolean(0); // false
+Boolean("hello"); // true
+Boolean(""); // false
+Boolean(null); // false
+
+/*
+INFO: eval(string)
+Executes javascript code from a string
+*/
+eval("2 + 2"); // 4
+
+/*
+INFO: typeof
+Not a function, but an operator that's super helpful.
+*/
+typeof "hello"; // string
+typeof 123; // number
+typeof null; // object
+typeof undefined; // undefined
+
+/*
+INFO: Infinity, NaN, undefined
+These are global values, not Functions
+*/
+console.log(Infinity); // Infinity
+console.log(NaN); // NaN
+console.log(undefined); // undefined