Access control is a very important part of the object-oriented programming language which is used to restrict the visibility of methods and member fields to protect data from the accidental modification. In terms of access control, Ruby is different from all other Object Oriented Programming languages.
Important Points about Ruby Access Control: - The visibility of the class variable and instance is always private.
- Access controls are only applicable to methods.
- We can't apply any access control to the instance and the class variables.
- The private methods in Ruby can also be inherited just like public and protected methods.
In Ruby, access control work on two conditions:
- First, from where the method is called, i.e inside or outside of the class definition.
- Second, the self-keyword is included or not. Basically, self-keyword is used to point to the current recipient.
In Ruby, it is not necessary for the inheritance to involve in access control, like in C++ access control are used in inheritance. Access control is of three types as shown in the below image:
Public Method
Public Methods are those methods which can be called by anyone. As we know that access control works only on methods, so
by default all the methods are public. But still, we can define a public method explicitly using the
public keyword. Public methods are generally called outside the class.
Example: Ruby # Ruby program to demonstrate # the public access control #!/usr/bin/ruby # taking a class class GeeksforGeeks # public method without using # public keyword def geeks_1 puts "public method geeks_1 is called" end # using public keyword public def geeks_2 puts "public method geeks_2 is called" end def geeks_3 puts "public method geeks_3 is called" # calling geeks_1 method geeks_1 # calling geeks_1 method using # self-keyword self.geeks_1 end end # creating the object of # class GeeksforGeeks obj = GeeksforGeeks.new # calling method geeks_1 obj.geeks_1 # calling method geeks_2 obj.geeks_2 # calling method geeks3 obj.geeks_3
public method geeks_1 is called public method geeks_2 is called public method geeks_3 is called public method geeks_1 is called public method geeks_1 is called
Private Method
Private methods are those methods which are not accessible outside the class or in other words, private methods are called only inside the class definition. The methods of the class can access private members. In private methods, we do not use the self-keyword. By default,
initialize method will be private method. The user cannot make the initialize method as the public method. A private method is defined by using
private keyword.
Note: As we know that private methods are strictly restricted for their visibility, only defined class members can access these methods, but they can be inherited by the subclass. A subclass can access them and can override them.
Example: Ruby # Ruby program to demonstrate # the private access control #!/usr/bin/ruby # creating class class GeeksforGeeks # using initialize method # it can't be private def initialize puts "This is the initialize Method" end # public method def geeks_1 puts "Public geeks_1 Method" end # using the private keyword to # declare a private method private def geeks_2 puts "This is Private Method" end end # creating the object of # the class GeeksforGeeks obj = GeeksforGeeks.new # calling method geeks_1 # (geeks1 method is public method) obj.geeks_1 # calling private method will give the error obj.geeks_2
source_file.rb:41:in `': private method `geeks_2' called for # (NoMethodError) Did you mean? geeks_1 This is the initialize Method Public geeks_1 Method
Protected Method
Protected methods can only be called by objects of the defined class and its subclass. The access of these methods is limited in between the defined class or its subclass. You cannot access protected methods outside the defined class or its subclass. The usage of protected methods is finite. Protected methods are defined using
protected keyword.
Example: Ruby # Ruby program to demonstrate # the protected access control #!/usr/bin/ruby class GeeksforGeeks # using initialize method def initialize # calling geeks_2 method geeks_2 # calling geeks_2 method # using self-keyword self.geeks_2 end # public method def geeks_1 puts " geeks_1 method is called" end # defining the protected method using # protected keyword protected def geeks_2 puts " geeks_2 method is called" end end # creating the object of class GeeksforGeeks obj = GeeksforGeeks.new # calling method obj.geeks_1 # if you will try to call protected method # using the object of class then it will # give error obj.geeks_2
source_file.rb:45:in `': protected method `geeks_2' called for # (NoMethodError) Did you mean? geeks_1 geeks_2 method is called geeks_2 method is called geeks_1 method is called
Note: - The user can call the private and protected methods inside a public method of the same class. Example: Ruby
# Ruby program to demonstrate the calling # of private and protected method in the # public method class Geeks # public method def method_1 p "Public Method of class Geeks" # calling protected and private method # inside the public method method_2 method_3 end # defining the protected method protected def method_2 p "Protected Method of class Geeks" end # defining the private method private def method_3 p "Private Method of class Geeks" end end # creating an object of class Geeks obj = Geeks.new # calling the public method of class Geeks obj.method_1
"Public Method of class Geeks" "Protected Method of class Geeks" "Private Method of class Geeks"
- In general, private methods can't be inherited in object-oriented programming languages. But in Ruby, private methods can also be inherited just like protected and public methods. Example: Ruby
# Ruby program to demonstrate that private # method can also be inherited class Geeks # public method def method_1 p "Public Method of class Geeks" end # defining the protected method protected def method_2 p "Protected Method of class Geeks" end # defining the private method private def method_3 p "Private Method of class Geeks" end end # Sudo class inheriting Geeks class class Sudo < Geeks # public method of Sudo class def method_4 p "Public Method of Sudo Class" # calling all three methods # of Geeks class method_1 method_2 method_3 end end # creating an object of class Sudo obj_sudo = Sudo.new # calling the public method # of class Sudo which will # automatically call the private # and protected method of Geeks class obj_sudo.method_4
"Public Method of Sudo Class" "Public Method of class Geeks" "Protected Method of class Geeks" "Private Method of class Geeks"
- The public method can be accessed outside the class in which they are defined. But user can't access the private and protected methods outside the class in which they were defined. Example: Ruby
# Ruby program to demonstrate that private # and protected method can't be accessed # outside the class even after inheritance class Geeks # public method def method_1 p "Public Method of class Geeks" end # defining the protected method protected def method_2 p "Protected Method of class Geeks" end # defining the private method private def method_3 p "Private Method of class Geeks" end end # Sudo class inheriting Geeks class class Sudo < Geeks # public method of Sudo class def method_4 p "Public Method of Sudo Class" end end # creating an object of class Sudo obj_sudo = Sudo.new # calling the public method # of class Sudo and Geeks obj_sudo.method_4 obj_sudo.method_1 # if you will try to call the protected # and private method using the object # of class Sudo, then it will give error obj_sudo.method_2 obj_sudo.method_3
source_file.rb:54:in `': protected method `method_2' called for # (NoMethodError) Did you mean? method method_1 method_4 methods "Public Method of Sudo Class" "Public Method of class Geeks"
- The main difference between the protected and private methods is that protected methods are accessible from inside the class by using an explicit receiver while private methods are not. Example: Ruby
# Ruby program to demonstrate that private # and protected method can't be accessed # outside the class even after inheritance class Geeks # public method def method_1 p "Public Method of class Geeks" end # defining the protected method protected def method_2 p "Protected Method of class Geeks" end # defining the private method private def method_3 p "Private Method of class Geeks" end end # Sudo class inheriting Geeks class class Sudo < Geeks # public method of Sudo class def method_4 p "Public Method of Sudo Class" # calling the public method # of Geeks class method_1 # creating object of class Sudo # inside the public method of # class Sudo obj_inside_sudo = Sudo.new # calling the protected # method of class Geeks obj_inside_sudo.method_2 # calling the private # method of class Geeks # using an explicit receiver obj_inside_sudo.method_3 rescue p "You can't Access!" end end # creating an object of class Sudo obj_sudo = Sudo.new # calling the public method # of class Sudo obj_sudo.method_4
"Public Method of Sudo Class" "Public Method of class Geeks" "Protected Method of class Geeks" "You can't Access!"
- To define multiple protected and private methods in a single class, you can use the following syntax:
class class_name # this method is public def public_method end public :method_1 protected :method_2, :method_3 private :method_4, :method_5 end