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HTML Entities

Last Updated : 08 Nov, 2025
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HTML Entities are special codes used to display reserved characters, symbols, or invisible spaces in a webpage that cannot be typed directly or have special meanings in HTML (like <, >, or &).

  • Used to display special characters that HTML normally reserves.
  • Always start with & and end with ; (example: &lt; for <).
  • Help avoid errors or misinterpretation in HTML code.
  • Commonly used for symbols, non-breaking spaces, and mathematical signs.
  • Make web content more readable and properly formatted.
HTML 
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Entities Example</title> </head> <body> <h2>Using HTML Entities</h2> <p>Less than symbol: &lt;</p> <p>Greater than symbol: &gt;</p> <p>Ampersand symbol: &amp;</p> <p>Copyright symbol: &copy; 2025 MyWebsite</p> <p>Registered symbol: &reg; Trademark</p> <p>Non-breaking space example: Hello&nbsp;World</p> </body> </html>

Commonly Used HTML Entities

Some commonly used symbols with their Entity name and Entity numbers are listed below:

Symbols

Description

Entity name

Entity Number

 non-breaking space&nbsp;&#160;
<less than&lt;&#60;
®registered trademark&reg;&#174;
©copyright&copy;&#169;
€euro&euro;&#8364;
¥yen&yen;&#165;
£pound&pound;&#163;
¢cent&cent;&#162;
"double quotation mark&quot;&#34;
&ampersand&amp;&#38;
>greater than&gt;&#62;
∂PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL&part;&#8706;
∃THERE EXISTS&exist;&#8707;
∅EMPTY SETS&empty;&#8709;
∇NABLA&nabla;&#8711;
∈ELEMENT OF&isin;&#8712;
∉NOT AN ELEMENT OF&notin;&#8713;
+PLUS SIGN&plus;&#43;
∏N-ARY PRODUCT&prod;&#8719;
∑N-ARY SUMMATION&sum;&#8721;
ΑAlpha&Alpha;&#913;
ΒBeta&Beta;&#914;
ΓGamma&Gamma;&#915;
Δdelta&Delta;&#916;
ΕEpsilon&Epsilon;&#917;
ΖZeta&Zeta;&#918;
♥BLACK HEART SUIT = valentine&hearts;&#9829;
♣BLACK CLUB SUIT = shamrock&clubs;&#9827;
♠BLACK SPADE SUIT&spades;&#9824;
↓DOWNWARDS ARROW&darr;&#8595;
→RIGHTWARDS ARROW&rarr;&#8594;
↑UPWARDS ARROW&uarr;&#8593;
←LEFTWARDS ARROW&larr;&#8592;
™TRADEMARK&trade;&#8482;
♦BLACK DIAMOND SUIT♦&#9830;
°degree&deg;&#176;
∞infinity&infin;&#8734;
‰per-mille&permil;&#137;
⋅dot operator&sdot;&#8901;
±plus-minus&plusmn;&#177;
†hermitian&hercon;&#8889;
-minus sign&minus;&#8722;
¬-&not;&#172;
%percent sign&percent;&#37;
fFunction&fnof;&#402;
∥parallel&parallel;&#8741;

Example:

HTML 
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>Currency Symbols</title> </head> <body> <h2>Currency Symbols Using HTML Entities</h2> <ul> <li>Dollar: &#36;</li> <li>Euro: &#8364;</li> <li>Pound: &#163;</li> <li>Yen: &#165;</li> <li>Rupee: &#8377;</li> <li>Won: &#8361;</li> <li>Franco: &#8355;</li> <li>Bitcoin: &#8383;</li> </ul> </body> </html>

Reserved Characters

These characters are either reserved for HTML or those which are not present in the basic keyboard & can't use them directly. Some of the reserved characters representations are given below:

Reserved Character

Entity Name

&&amp;
<&lt;
>&gt;
“&quot;

Other Characters

Some characters that aren’t available directly on our keyboard, therefore such an entity can be used to represent it by using their entity number. 

These keywords are directly not available to type, we need to specify their entity number. Here #x before the numbers represents the hexadecimal representation.

Character

Entities

≥

&GreaterEqual;

©

&copy; 

€

&euro;  

∃

&exist;

Example: Illustration of the use of special characters that are directly not available to type from the keyboard.

HTML 
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>HTML Entities</title> </head> <body> <p>Showing euro &euro;</p> <p>Showing cent &cent;</p> <p>Showing Copyright &copy;</p> <p>Showing BLACK DIAMOND SUIT &diams;</p> <p>Showing TRADEMARK &trade;</p> </body> </html>

Non-breaking Space

  • It is used to provide space that will not break into a new line.
  • This HTML entity is represented by &nbsp; that will separate the 2 words & will stick together without breaking it into a new line.
  • We can also use the non-breaking space for preventing the browsers from truncating spaces in HTML pages.
  • The non-breaking hyphen (‑) is used to define a hyphen character (‑) that does not break into a new line.

Example

  • 12:00 PM
  • 256 km/h

If we use to write 10 spaces in our text, then the browser will remove 9 of them. In order to add real spaces in our text, we can use the character entity.

Combining Diacritical Marks

  • A diacritical mark is a symbol added to a letter.
  • Marks like the grave accent ( ̀) and acute accent ( ́) are examples of diacritical marks.
  • They can be placed above, below, or inside a letter, or even between two letters.
  • These marks are combined with letters to create new characters not found in the basic character set.
  • Here are some common diacritical marks.

Here are some examples:

MarkCharacterConstruct (HTML Code)Final Result
̀aa&#768;à
́aa&#769;á
̂aa&#770;â
̃aa&#771;ã
̀OO&#768;Ò
́OO&#769;Ó
̂OO&#770;Ô
̃OO&#771;Õ

Best Practices for Using HTML Entities

  • Use Named Entities When Possible: Named entities (&lt; instead of &#60;) are easier to remember and make your code more readable.
  • Verify Entity Codes: Always check your entity codes to ensure they display correctly across all browsers and platforms.
  • Use Entities for Readability and Compliance: Besides reserved characters, use entities to improve the readability of your code and to comply with HTML standards, especially when dealing with characters that may not be directly supported by your page’s charset.

S
Shahnawaz_Ali
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