#include in C

In C programming, the #include directive is very important to integrate any external files (header files) into a program, as the #include is used for file inclusion(a process of importing system-defined or user-defined files into the program).
The #include is read by the preprocessor and instructs it to insert the contents of a user-defined or system header file into our C program. These files are mainly imported from outside header files.

#include is a way of including a standard or user-defined file in the program and is mostly written at the beginning of any C program.

Including Header Files using #include

There are two types of files that can be included using #include:

1. Pre-Existing Header Files: The pre-existing header files come bundled with the compiler and reside in the standard system file directory. This file contains C standard library function declarations and macro definitions to be shared between several source files. Functions like the printf(), scanf(), cout, cin, and various other input-output or other standard functions are contained within different Pre-Existing header files.

2. User-Defined Header Files: These files resemble the header files, except for the fact that they are written and defined by the user itself. This saves the user from writing a particular function multiple times.

Syntax of #include in C

There are two variations of how we can use #include in our C program.

1. Including using <>

It is mainly used to access pre-existing system header files located in the standard system directories.

#include <header_file> 

While importing a file using angular brackets(<>), the preprocessor uses a predetermined directory path to access the file.

2. Including using " "

This type is mainly used to access any header files of the user's program or user-defined files.

#include "user-defined_file" 

When using the double quotes(" "), the preprocessor accesses the current directory in which the source "header_file" is located or the standard system directories.

To import the user-defined header file using #include, the file should be in a directory path relative to your C source file otherwise, the preprocessor will begin search for it in the standard system directory.

To know more refer to Difference between #include <> and #include "" 

Examples of #include in C

Example 1

The below code shows the import of a system I/O header or standard file.

// C program showing the header file including // standard input-output header file #include <stdio.h> int main() {  // "printf()" belongs to stdio.h  printf("hello world");  return 0; } 

hello world

Example 2

In the below example, the #include <math.h> directive allows us to use mathematical functions like sqrt for calculating the square root.

// C program to calculate square root of a number using the // math library functions #include <math.h> // Including math header for mathematical operations #include <stdio.h> int main() {  double num = 14.0;  double Res = sqrt(num);  printf("Square root of %.2f is %.2f\n", num, Res);  return 0; } 

Square root of 14.00 is 3.74

Example 3

The below code shows the creation and import of a user-defined file.

Creating a user-defined header by the name of "process.h".

// It is not recommended to put function definitions // in a header file. Ideally there should be only // function declarations. Purpose of this code is // to only demonstrate working of header files. void add(int a, int b) {  printf("Added value=%d\n", a + b); } void multiply(int a, int b) {  printf("Multiplied value=%d\n", a * b); } 

Creating the main file where the above "process.h" will be included. 

// C program to illustrate file inclusion // <> used to import system header file #include <stdio.h> // " " used to import user-defined file #include "process.h" // main function int main() {  // add function defined in process.h  add(10, 20);  // multiply function defined in process.h  multiply(10, 20);  // printf defined in stdio.h  printf("Process completed");  return 0; } 

Explanation: Including the "process.h" file into another program. Now as we need to include stdio.h using #include in order to use printf() function similarly, we also need to include the header file process.h as #include "process.h". The " " instructs the preprocessor to look into the present folder or the standard folder of all header files, if not found in the present folder.

Note: If angular brackets (< >) are used instead of " " the compiler will search for the header file in the standard folder of header files. If you are using " " you need to ensure that the created header file is saved in the same folder in which the current C file using this header file is saved.