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  • Module 1 - Python Programming/05. Object Oriented Programming

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‎Module 1 - Python Programming/05. Object Oriented Programming/OOPs_2.ipynb‎

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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"## **Abstraction**"
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"## **Abstraction**\n",
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"Abstraction is the process of **hiding the implementation details** and **exposing only the relevant functionality** to the user.\n",
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"\n",
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"In Python, abstraction is implemented using the **abc module**.\n",
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"\n",
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"```python\n",
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"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n",
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"```\n",
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"- **ABC:** Abstract Base Class\n",
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"- **@abstractmethod:** Decorator to define abstract methods (methods without implementation)\n",
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"\n",
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"| Concept | Purpose |\n",
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"| ----------------- | ------------------------------------------------ |\n",
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"| `ABC` | Create abstract base classes |\n",
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"| `@abstractmethod` | Force child classes to implement certain methods |\n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"#### **Why Use Abstraction?**\n",
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"1. Forces subclasses to implement specific methods.\n",
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"2. Defines a clear contract/interface for developers.\n",
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"3. Ensures consistency across different implementations.\n",
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"4. Reduces coupling between components.\n",
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"\n",
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"#### **What Abstraction is not?**\n",
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"Not just hiding variables with `__` (**that’s encapsulation i.e. hiding internal data/state**)\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 36,
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"execution_count": 4,
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"metadata": {
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"ExecuteTime": {
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"end_time": "2018-05-31T17:28:10.195940Z",
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"start_time": "2018-05-31T17:28:10.183162Z"
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}
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},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n",
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"\n",
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"class Animal(ABC):\n",
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" \n",
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" @abstractmethod\n",
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" def make_sound(self):\n",
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" pass\n",
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"\n",
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" def sleep(self):\n",
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" print(\"Sleeping...\")\n",
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"\n",
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"# This will throw an error:\n",
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"# animal = Animal()\n",
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"\n",
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"class Dog(Animal):\n",
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" def make_sound(self):\n",
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" print(\"Woof!\")\n",
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"\n",
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"class Cat(Animal):\n",
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" def make_sound(self):\n",
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" print(\"Meow!\")"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 5,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"data": {
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"text/plain": [
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"'\\nProcess of highlighting the set of services & hiding the implementation\\nis called ABSTRACTION.\\n'"
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]
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},
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"execution_count": 36,
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"metadata": {},
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"output_type": "execute_result"
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"Woof!\n",
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"Sleeping...\n"
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]
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"# Abstraction means HIDING\n",
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"'''\n",
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"Process of highlighting the set of services & hiding the implementation\n",
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"is called ABSTRACTION.\n",
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"'''"
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"d = Dog()\n",
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"\n",
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"d.make_sound()\n",
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"d.sleep()"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"#### **Observation**\n",
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"1. You can't instantiate Animal directly.\n",
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"2. Any subclass must implement make_sound(), or it'll raise an error.\n",
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"3. Common behavior like sleep() can still be implemented in the base class."
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"#### **Real Time Example of Abstraction**\n",
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"\n",
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"You’re building a payment system for an edtech platform that allows students to purchase courses using UPI (Unified Payments Interface). But students use different UPI apps — PhonePe, Google Pay, Paytm, BHIM, etc.\n",
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"\n",
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"Without Abstraction, you’d have scattered logic, tightly coupling your app with every UPI provider’s implementation. \n",
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"Whereas, with abstraction: \n",
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"- You define a common interface for any UPI-based payment processor.\n",
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"- Each UPI app then implements the common logic behind the scenes, hiding differences.\n",
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"\n",
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"Let's do the implementation in three steps:\n",
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"1. Abstract Class (Interface)\n",
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"2. Concrete Implementations\n",
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"3. Usage Layer"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 6,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"# Step 1: Abstract Class i.e. UPIPaymentProcessor\n",
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"\n",
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"from abc import ABC, abstractmethod\n",
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"\n",
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"class UPIPaymentProcessor(ABC):\n",
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" \n",
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" @abstractmethod\n",
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" def pay(self, user_id: str, amount: float, upi_id: str):\n",
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" \"\"\"Process a UPI payment\"\"\"\n",
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" pass\n",
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"\n",
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" @abstractmethod\n",
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" def generate_receipt(self) -> str:\n",
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" \"\"\"Generate transaction receipt\"\"\"\n",
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" pass"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 7,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"# Step 2: Concrete Implementations\n",
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"\n",
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"# PhonePe\n",
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"class PhonePeProcessor(UPIPaymentProcessor):\n",
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" def pay(self, user_id, amount, upi_id):\n",
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" print(f\"[PhonePe] Sending ₹{amount} request to {upi_id} for User {user_id}\")\n",
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" self.transaction_id = f\"PP_{user_id}_TXN001\"\n",
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" \n",
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" def generate_receipt(self):\n",
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" return f\"[PhonePe] Receipt #{self.transaction_id}\"\n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"# GooglePay\n",
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"class GooglePayProcessor(UPIPaymentProcessor):\n",
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" def pay(self, user_id, amount, upi_id):\n",
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" print(f\"[GPay] Processing ₹{amount} to {upi_id} for User {user_id}\")\n",
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" self.transaction_id = f\"GPay_{user_id}_TXN002\"\n",
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" \n",
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" def generate_receipt(self):\n",
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" return f\"[GPay] Receipt #{self.transaction_id}\"\n",
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"\n",
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"\n",
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"# Paytm\n",
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"class PaytmProcessor(UPIPaymentProcessor):\n",
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" def pay(self, user_id, amount, upi_id):\n",
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" print(f\"[Paytm] ₹{amount} sent to {upi_id} for User {user_id}\")\n",
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" self.transaction_id = f\"PTM_{user_id}_TXN003\"\n",
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" \n",
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" def generate_receipt(self):\n",
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" return f\"[Paytm] Receipt #{self.transaction_id}\"\n"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 8,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"source": [
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"# Step 3: Usage Layer\n",
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"\n",
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"def checkout(processor: UPIPaymentProcessor, user_id: str, amount: float, upi_id: str):\n",
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" processor.pay(user_id, amount, upi_id)\n",
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" receipt = processor.generate_receipt()\n",
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" print(receipt)"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 10,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"[PhonePe] Sending ₹999.0 request to user@ibl for User U101\n",
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"[PhonePe] Receipt #PP_U101_TXN001\n"
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]
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"# Run various payment processors\n",
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"checkout(PhonePeProcessor(), \"U101\", 999.0, \"user@ibl\")"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 11,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"[GPay] Processing ₹499.0 to user@okhdfcbank for User U102\n",
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"[GPay] Receipt #GPay_U102_TXN002\n"
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]
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"checkout(GooglePayProcessor(), \"U102\", 499.0, \"user@okhdfcbank\")"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 12,
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"[Paytm] ₹799.0 sent to user@paytm for User U103\n",
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"[Paytm] Receipt #PTM_U103_TXN003\n"
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]
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"checkout(PaytmProcessor(), \"U103\", 799.0, \"user@paytm\")"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"#### **Real Time Example**\n",
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"#### **Real Time Example of Encapsulation**\n",
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"\n",
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"Consider the example of a geographical system that needs to deal with coordinates. There is only a certain range of values for which latitude and longitude make sense. Outside of those values, a coordinate cannot exist. We can create an object to represent a coordinate, but in doing so we must ensure that the values for latitude are at all times within the acceptable ranges. And for this, we can use properties:"
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]
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" self._longitude = long_value"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},
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"source": [
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"#### **Private Method**"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 41,
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"metadata": {
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"ExecuteTime": {
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"end_time": "2018-05-31T17:41:40.583150Z",
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"start_time": "2018-05-31T17:41:40.567487Z"
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}
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},
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"outputs": [
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{
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"Updating Software....\n",
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"Driving\n"
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]
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}
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],
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"source": [
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"class Car:\n",
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" def __init__(self):\n",
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" self.__updateSoftware()\n",
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" \n",
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" def drive(self):\n",
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" print('Driving')\n",
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" \n",
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" def __updateSoftware(self):\n",
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" print('Updating Software....')\n",
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" \n",
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"myCar = Car()\n",
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"myCar.drive()\n",
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"\n",
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"mycar.__updateSoftware()"
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]
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "markdown",
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"metadata": {},

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