This is the abridged developer documentation for Svelte and SvelteKit.# Start of Svelte documentation# OverviewSvelte is a framework for building user interfaces on the web. It uses a compiler to turn declarative components written in HTML, CSS and JavaScript...```svelte```...into lean, tightly optimized JavaScript.You can use it to build anything on the web, from standalone components to ambitious full stack apps (using Svelte's companion application framework, [SvelteKit](../kit)) and everything in between.These pages serve as reference documentation. If you're new to Svelte, we recommend starting with the [interactive tutorial](/tutorial) and coming back here when you have questions.You can also try Svelte online in the [playground](/playground) or, if you need a more fully-featured environment, on [StackBlitz](https://sveltekit.new).# Getting startedWe recommend using [SvelteKit](../kit), which lets you [build almost anything](../kit/project-types). It's the official application framework from the Svelte team and powered by [Vite](https://vite.dev/). Create a new project with:```shnpx sv create myappcd myappnpm installnpm run dev```Don't worry if you don't know Svelte yet! You can ignore all the nice features SvelteKit brings on top for now and dive into it later.## Alternatives to SvelteKitYou can also use Svelte directly with Vite by running `npm create vite@latest` and selecting the `svelte` option. With this, `npm run build` will generate HTML, JS, and CSS files inside the `dist` directory using [vite-plugin-svelte](https://github.com/sveltejs/vite-plugin-svelte). In most cases, you will probably need to [choose a routing library](/packages#routing) as well.>[!NOTE] Vite is often used in standalone mode to build [single page apps (SPAs)](../kit/glossary#SPA), which you can also [build with SvelteKit](../kit/single-page-apps).There are also [plugins for other bundlers](/packages#bundler-plugins), but we recommend Vite.## Editor toolingThe Svelte team maintains a [VS Code extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=svelte.svelte-vscode), and there are integrations with various other [editors](https://sveltesociety.dev/resources#editor-support) and tools as well.You can also check your code from the command line using [sv check](https://github.com/sveltejs/cli).## Getting helpDon't be shy about asking for help in the [Discord chatroom](/chat)! You can also find answers on [Stack Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/svelte).# .svelte filesComponents are the building blocks of Svelte applications. They are written into `.svelte` files, using a superset of HTML.All three sections — script, styles and markup — are optional.```svelte/// file: MyComponent.svelte```## ````You can `export` bindings from this block, and they will become exports of the compiled module. You cannot `export default`, since the default export is the component itself.> In Svelte 4, this script tag was created using ````Unlike other frameworks you may have encountered, there is no API for interacting with state — `count` is just a number, rather than an object or a function, and you can update it like you would update any other variable.### Deep stateIf `$state` is used with an array or a simple object, the result is a deeply reactive _state proxy_. [Proxies](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Proxy) allow Svelte to run code when you read or write properties, including via methods like `array.push(...)`, triggering granular updates.State is proxified recursively until Svelte finds something other than an array or simple object (like a class or an object created with `Object.create`). In a case like this...```jslet todos = $state([ { done: false, text: 'add more todos' }]);```...modifying an individual todo's property will trigger updates to anything in your UI that depends on that specific property:```jslet todos = [{ done: false, text: 'add more todos' }];// ---cut---todos[0].done = !todos[0].done;```If you push a new object to the array, it will also be proxified:```jslet todos = [{ done: false, text: 'add more todos' }];// ---cut---todos.push({ done: false, text: 'eat lunch'});```Note that if you destructure a reactive value, the references are not reactive — as in normal JavaScript, they are evaluated at the point of destructuring:```jslet todos = [{ done: false, text: 'add more todos' }];// ---cut---let { done, text } = todos[0];// this will not affect the value of `done`todos[0].done = !todos[0].done;```### ClassesClass instances are not proxied. Instead, you can use `$state` in class fields (whether public or private), or as the first assignment to a property immediately inside the `constructor`:```js// @errors: 7006 2554class Todo { done = $state(false); constructor(text) { this.text = $state(text); } reset() { this.text = ''; this.done = false; }}```When calling methods in JavaScript, the value of [`this`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/this) matters. This won't work, because `this` inside the `reset` method will be the ````You can either use an inline function...```svelte```...or use an arrow function in the class definition:```js// @errors: 7006 2554class Todo { done = $state(false); constructor(text) { this.text = $state(text); } +++reset = () => {+++ this.text = ''; this.done = false; }}```### Built-in classesSvelte provides reactive implementations of built-in classes like `Set`, `Map`, `Date` and `URL` that can be imported from [`svelte/reactivity`](svelte-reactivity).## `$state.raw`In cases where you don't want objects and arrays to be deeply reactive you can use `$state.raw`.State declared with `$state.raw` cannot be mutated; it can only be _reassigned_. In other words, rather than assigning to a property of an object, or using an array method like `push`, replace the object or array altogether if you'd like to update it:```jslet person = $state.raw({ name: 'Heraclitus', age: 49});// this will have no effectperson.age += 1;// this will work, because we're creating a new personperson = { name: 'Heraclitus', age: 50};```This can improve performance with large arrays and objects that you weren't planning to mutate anyway, since it avoids the cost of making them reactive. Note that raw state can _contain_ reactive state (for example, a raw array of reactive objects).As with `$state`, you can declare class fields using `$state.raw`.## `$state.snapshot`To take a static snapshot of a deeply reactive `$state` proxy, use `$state.snapshot`:```svelte```This is handy when you want to pass some state to an external library or API that doesn't expect a proxy, such as `structuredClone`.## `$state.eager`When state changes, it may not be reflected in the UI immediately if it is used by an `await` expression, because [updates are synchronized](await-expressions#Synchronized-updates).In some cases, you may want to update the UI as soon as the state changes. For example, you might want to update a navigation bar when the user clicks on a link, so that they get visual feedback while waiting for the new page to load. To do this, use `$state.eager(value)`:```svelte```Use this feature sparingly, and only to provide feedback in response to user action — in general, allowing Svelte to coordinate updates will provide a better user experience.## Passing state into functionsJavaScript is a _pass-by-value_ language — when you call a function, the arguments are the _values_ rather than the _variables_. In other words:```js/// file: index.js// @filename: index.js// ---cut---/** * @param {number} a * @param {number} b */function add(a, b) { return a + b;}let a = 1;let b = 2;let total = add(a, b);console.log(total); // 3a = 3;b = 4;console.log(total); // still 3!```If `add` wanted to have access to the _current_ values of `a` and `b`, and to return the current `total` value, you would need to use functions instead:```js/// file: index.js// @filename: index.js// ---cut---/** * @param {() => number} getA * @param {() => number} getB */function add(+++getA, getB+++) { return +++() => getA() + getB()+++;}let a = 1;let b = 2;let total = add+++(() => a, () => b)+++;console.log(+++total()+++); // 3a = 3;b = 4;console.log(+++total()+++); // 7```State in Svelte is no different — when you reference something declared with the `$state` rune...```jslet a = +++$state(1)+++;let b = +++$state(2)+++;```...you're accessing its _current value_.Note that 'functions' is broad — it encompasses properties of proxies and [`get`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/get)/[`set`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/set) properties...```js/// file: index.js// @filename: index.js// ---cut---/** * @param {{ a: number, b: number }} input */function add(input) { return { get value() { return input.a + input.b; } };}let input = $state({ a: 1, b: 2 });let total = add(input);console.log(total.value); // 3input.a = 3;input.b = 4;console.log(total.value); // 7```...though if you find yourself writing code like that, consider using [classes](#Classes) instead.## Passing state across modulesYou can declare state in `.svelte.js` and `.svelte.ts` files, but you can only _export_ that state if it's not directly reassigned. In other words you can't do this:```js/// file: state.svelte.jsexport let count = $state(0);export function increment() { count += 1;}```That's because every reference to `count` is transformed by the Svelte compiler — the code above is roughly equivalent to this:```js/// file: state.svelte.js (compiler output)// @filename: index.tsinterface Signal { value: T;}interface Svelte { state(value?: T): Signal; get(source: Signal): T; set(source: Signal, value: T): void;}declare const $: Svelte;// ---cut---export let count = $.state(0);export function increment() { $.set(count, $.get(count) + 1);}```Since the compiler only operates on one file at a time, if another file imports `count` Svelte doesn't know that it needs to wrap each reference in `$.get` and `$.set`:```js// @filename: state.svelte.jsexport let count = 0;// @filename: index.js// ---cut---import { count } from './state.svelte.js';console.log(typeof count); // 'object', not 'number'```This leaves you with two options for sharing state between modules — either don't reassign it...```js// This is allowed — since we're updating// `counter.count` rather than `counter`,// Svelte doesn't wrap it in `$.state`export const counter = $state({ count: 0});export function increment() { counter.count += 1;}```...or don't directly export it:```jslet count = $state(0);export function getCount() { return count;}export function increment() { count += 1;}```# $derivedDerived state is declared with the `$derived` rune:```svelte

{count} doubled is {doubled}

```The expression inside `$derived(...)` should be free of side-effects. Svelte will disallow state changes (e.g. `count++`) inside derived expressions.As with `$state`, you can mark class fields as `$derived`.## `$derived.by`Sometimes you need to create complex derivations that don't fit inside a short expression. In these cases, you can use `$derived.by` which accepts a function as its argument.```svelte```In essence, `$derived(expression)` is equivalent to `$derived.by(() => expression)`.## Understanding dependenciesAnything read synchronously inside the `$derived` expression (or `$derived.by` function body) is considered a _dependency_ of the derived state. When the state changes, the derived will be marked as _dirty_ and recalculated when it is next read.To exempt a piece of state from being treated as a dependency, use [`untrack`](svelte#untrack).## Overriding derived valuesDerived expressions are recalculated when their dependencies change, but you can temporarily override their values by reassigning them (unless they are declared with `const`). This can be useful for things like _optimistic UI_, where a value is derived from the 'source of truth' (such as data from your server) but you'd like to show immediate feedback to the user:```svelte```## Deriveds and reactivityUnlike `$state`, which converts objects and arrays to [deeply reactive proxies]($state#Deep-state), `$derived` values are left as-is. For example, [in a case like this](/REMOVED)...```js// @errors: 7005let items = $state([ /*...*/ ]);let index = $state(0);let selected = $derived(items[index]);```...you can change (or `bind:` to) properties of `selected` and it will affect the underlying `items` array. If `items` was _not_ deeply reactive, mutating `selected` would have no effect.## DestructuringIf you use destructuring with a `$derived` declaration, the resulting variables will all be reactive — this...```jsfunction stuff() { return { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 } }// ---cut---let { a, b, c } = $derived(stuff());```...is roughly equivalent to this:```jsfunction stuff() { return { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 } }// ---cut---let _stuff = $derived(stuff());let a = $derived(_stuff.a);let b = $derived(_stuff.b);let c = $derived(_stuff.c);```## Update propagationSvelte uses something called _push-pull reactivity_ — when state is updated, everything that depends on the state (whether directly or indirectly) is immediately notified of the change (the 'push'), but derived values are not re-evaluated until they are actually read (the 'pull').If the new value of a derived is referentially identical to its previous value, downstream updates will be skipped. In other words, Svelte will only update the text inside the button when `large` changes, not when `count` changes, even though `large` depends on `count`:```svelte```# $effectEffects are functions that run when state updates, and can be used for things like calling third-party libraries, drawing on `` elements, or making network requests. They only run in the browser, not during server-side rendering.Generally speaking, you should _not_ update state inside effects, as it will make code more convoluted and will often lead to never-ending update cycles. If you find yourself doing so, see [when not to use `$effect`](#When-not-to-use-$effect) to learn about alternative approaches.You can create an effect with the `$effect` rune ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte```When Svelte runs an effect function, it tracks which pieces of state (and derived state) are accessed (unless accessed inside [`untrack`](svelte#untrack)), and re-runs the function when that state later changes.### Understanding lifecycleYour effects run after the component has been mounted to the DOM, and in a [microtask](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTML_DOM_API/Microtask_guide) after state changes. Re-runs are batched (i.e. changing `color` and `size` in the same moment won't cause two separate runs), and happen after any DOM updates have been applied.You can use `$effect` anywhere, not just at the top level of a component, as long as it is called while a parent effect is running.An effect can return a _teardown function_ which will run immediately before the effect re-runs ([demo](/REMOVED)).```svelte

{count}

```Teardown functions also run when the effect is destroyed, which happens when its parent is destroyed (for example, a component is unmounted) or the parent effect re-runs.### Understanding dependencies`$effect` automatically picks up any reactive values (`$state`, `$derived`, `$props`) that are _synchronously_ read inside its function body (including indirectly, via function calls) and registers them as dependencies. When those dependencies change, the `$effect` schedules a re-run.If `$state` and `$derived` are used directly inside the `$effect` (for example, during creation of a [reactive class](https://svelte.dev/docs/svelte/$state#Classes)), those values will _not_ be treated as dependencies.Values that are read _asynchronously_ — after an `await` or inside a `setTimeout`, for example — will not be tracked. Here, the canvas will be repainted when `color` changes, but not when `size` changes ([demo](/REMOVED)):```ts// @filename: index.tsdeclare let canvas: { width: number; height: number; getContext(type: '2d', options?: CanvasRenderingContext2DSettings): CanvasRenderingContext2D;};declare let color: string;declare let size: number;// ---cut---$effect(() => { const context = canvas.getContext('2d'); context.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height); // this will re-run whenever `color` changes... context.fillStyle = color; setTimeout(() => { // ...but not when `size` changes context.fillRect(0, 0, size, size); }, 0);});```An effect only reruns when the object it reads changes, not when a property inside it changes. (If you want to observe changes _inside_ an object at dev time, you can use [`$inspect`]($inspect).)```svelte

{state.value} doubled is {derived.value}

```An effect only depends on the values that it read the last time it ran. This has interesting implications for effects that have conditional code.For instance, if `condition` is `true` in the code snippet below, the code inside the `if` block will run and `color` will be evaluated. This means that changes to either `condition` or `color` [will cause the effect to re-run](/REMOVED).Conversely, if `condition` is `false`, `color` will not be evaluated, and the effect will _only_ re-run again when `condition` changes.```ts// @filename: ambient.d.tsdeclare module 'canvas-confetti' { interface ConfettiOptions { colors: string[]; } function confetti(opts?: ConfettiOptions): void; export default confetti;}// @filename: index.js// ---cut---import confetti from 'canvas-confetti';let condition = $state(true);let color = $state('#ff3e00');$effect(() => { if (condition) { confetti({ colors: [color] }); } else { confetti(); }});```## `$effect.pre`In rare cases, you may need to run code _before_ the DOM updates. For this we can use the `$effect.pre` rune:```svelte
{#each messages as message}

{message}

{/each}
```Apart from the timing, `$effect.pre` works exactly like `$effect`.## `$effect.tracking`The `$effect.tracking` rune is an advanced feature that tells you whether or not the code is running inside a tracking context, such as an effect or inside your template ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte

in template: {$effect.tracking()}

```It is used to implement abstractions like [`createSubscriber`](/docs/svelte/svelte-reactivity#createSubscriber), which will create listeners to update reactive values but _only_ if those values are being tracked (rather than, for example, read inside an event handler).## `$effect.pending`When using [`await`](await-expressions) in components, the `$effect.pending()` rune tells you how many promises are pending in the current [boundary](svelte-boundary), not including child boundaries ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte

{a} + {b} = {await add(a, b)}

{#if $effect.pending()}

pending promises: {$effect.pending()}

{/if}```## `$effect.root`The `$effect.root` rune is an advanced feature that creates a non-tracked scope that doesn't auto-cleanup. This is useful for nested effects that you want to manually control. This rune also allows for the creation of effects outside of the component initialisation phase.```jsconst destroy = $effect.root(() => { $effect(() => { // setup }); return () => { // cleanup };});// later...destroy();```## When not to use `$effect`In general, `$effect` is best considered something of an escape hatch — useful for things like analytics and direct DOM manipulation — rather than a tool you should use frequently. In particular, avoid using it to synchronise state. Instead of this...```svelte```...do this:```svelte```If you're using an effect because you want to be able to reassign the derived value (to build an optimistic UI, for example) note that [deriveds can be directly overridden]($derived#Overriding-derived-values) as of Svelte 5.25.You might be tempted to do something convoluted with effects to link one value to another. The following example shows two inputs for "money spent" and "money left" that are connected to each other. If you update one, the other should update accordingly. Don't use effects for this ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte```Instead, use `oninput` callbacks or — better still — [function bindings](bind#Function-bindings) where possible ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte```If you absolutely have to update `$state` within an effect and run into an infinite loop because you read and write to the same `$state`, use [untrack](svelte#untrack).# $propsThe inputs to a component are referred to as _props_, which is short for _properties_. You pass props to components just like you pass attributes to elements:```svelte```On the other side, inside `MyComponent.svelte`, we can receive props with the `$props` rune...```svelte

this component is {props.adjective}

```...though more commonly, you'll [_destructure_](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Destructuring_assignment) your props:```svelte

this component is {+++adjective+++}

```## Fallback valuesDestructuring allows us to declare fallback values, which are used if the parent component does not set a given prop (or the value is `undefined`):```jslet { adjective = 'happy' } = $props();```## Renaming propsWe can also use the destructuring assignment to rename props, which is necessary if they're invalid identifiers, or a JavaScript keyword like `super`:```jslet { super: trouper = 'lights are gonna find me' } = $props();```## Rest propsFinally, we can use a _rest property_ to get, well, the rest of the props:```jslet { a, b, c, ...others } = $props();```## Updating propsReferences to a prop inside a component update when the prop itself updates — when `count` changes in `App.svelte`, it will also change inside `Child.svelte`. But the child component is able to temporarily override the prop value, which can be useful for unsaved ephemeral state ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte``````svelte```While you can temporarily _reassign_ props, you should not _mutate_ props unless they are [bindable]($bindable).If the prop is a regular object, the mutation will have no effect ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte``````svelte```If the prop is a reactive state proxy, however, then mutations _will_ have an effect but you will see an [`ownership_invalid_mutation`](runtime-warnings#Client-warnings-ownership_invalid_mutation) warning, because the component is mutating state that does not 'belong' to it ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte``````svelte```The fallback value of a prop not declared with `$bindable` is left untouched — it is not turned into a reactive state proxy — meaning mutations will not cause updates ([demo](/REMOVED))```svelte```In summary: don't mutate props. Either use callback props to communicate changes, or — if parent and child should share the same object — use the [`$bindable`]($bindable) rune.## Type safetyYou can add type safety to your components by annotating your props, as you would with any other variable declaration. In TypeScript that might look like this...```svelte```...while in JSDoc you can do this:```svelte```You can, of course, separate the type declaration from the annotation:```svelte```Adding types is recommended, as it ensures that people using your component can easily discover which props they should provide.## `$props.id()`This rune, added in version 5.20.0, generates an ID that is unique to the current component instance. When hydrating a server-rendered component, the value will be consistent between server and client.This is useful for linking elements via attributes like `for` and `aria-labelledby`.```svelte
```# $bindableOrdinarily, props go one way, from parent to child. This makes it easy to understand how data flows around your app.In Svelte, component props can be _bound_, which means that data can also flow _up_ from child to parent. This isn't something you should do often, but it can simplify your code if used sparingly and carefully.It also means that a state proxy can be _mutated_ in the child.To mark a prop as bindable, we use the `$bindable` rune:```svelte/// file: FancyInput.svelte```Now, a component that uses `` can add the [`bind:`](bind) directive ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte/// file: App.svelte

{message}

```The parent component doesn't _have_ to use `bind:` — it can just pass a normal prop. Some parents don't want to listen to what their children have to say.In this case, you can specify a fallback value for when no prop is passed at all:```js/// file: FancyInput.sveltelet { value = $bindable('fallback'), ...props } = $props();```# $inspectThe `$inspect` rune is roughly equivalent to `console.log`, with the exception that it will re-run whenever its argument changes. `$inspect` tracks reactive state deeply, meaning that updating something inside an object or array using fine-grained reactivity will cause it to re-fire ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte```On updates, a stack trace will be printed, making it easy to find the origin of a state change (unless you're in the playground, due to technical limitations).## $inspect(...).with`$inspect` returns a property `with`, which you can invoke with a callback, which will then be invoked instead of `console.log`. The first argument to the callback is either `"init"` or `"update"`; subsequent arguments are the values passed to `$inspect` ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte```## $inspect.trace(...)This rune, added in 5.14, causes the surrounding function to be _traced_ in development. Any time the function re-runs as part of an [effect]($effect) or a [derived]($derived), information will be printed to the console about which pieces of reactive state caused the effect to fire.```svelte````$inspect.trace` takes an optional first argument which will be used as the label.# $hostWhen compiling a component as a [custom element](custom-elements), the `$host` rune provides access to the host element, allowing you to (for example) dispatch custom events ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte/// file: Stepper.svelte``````svelte/// file: App.svelte count -= 1} onincrement={() => count += 1}>

count: {count}

```# Basic markupMarkup inside a Svelte component can be thought of as HTML++.## TagsA lowercase tag, like `
`, denotes a regular HTML element. A capitalised tag or a tag that uses dot notation, such as `` or ``, indicates a _component_.```svelte
```## Element attributesBy default, attributes work exactly like their HTML counterparts.```svelte
```As in HTML, values may be unquoted.```svelte```Attribute values can contain JavaScript expressions.```sveltepage {p}```Or they can _be_ JavaScript expressions.```svelte```Boolean attributes are included on the element if their value is [truthy](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Truthy) and excluded if it's [falsy](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Falsy).All other attributes are included unless their value is [nullish](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Nullish) (`null` or `undefined`).```svelte
This div has no title attribute
```>> > ```svelte> > ```When the attribute name and value match (`name={name}`), they can be replaced with `{name}`.```svelte```## Component propsBy convention, values passed to components are referred to as _properties_ or _props_ rather than _attributes_, which are a feature of the DOM.As with elements, `name={name}` can be replaced with the `{name}` shorthand.```svelte```## Spread attributes_Spread attributes_ allow many attributes or properties to be passed to an element or component at once.An element or component can have multiple spread attributes, interspersed with regular ones. Order matters — if `things.a` exists it will take precedence over `a="b"`, while `c="d"` would take precedence over `things.c`:```svelte```## EventsListening to DOM events is possible by adding attributes to the element that start with `on`. For example, to listen to the `click` event, add the `onclick` attribute to a button:```svelte```Event attributes are case sensitive. `onclick` listens to the `click` event, `onClick` listens to the `Click` event, which is different. This ensures you can listen to custom events that have uppercase characters in them.Because events are just attributes, the same rules as for attributes apply:- you can use the shorthand form: ``- you can spread them: ``Timing-wise, event attributes always fire after events from bindings (e.g. `oninput` always fires after an update to `bind:value`). Under the hood, some event handlers are attached directly with `addEventListener`, while others are _delegated_.When using `ontouchstart` and `ontouchmove` event attributes, the handlers are [passive](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/EventTarget/addEventListener#using_passive_listeners) for better performance. This greatly improves responsiveness by allowing the browser to scroll the document immediately, rather than waiting to see if the event handler calls `event.preventDefault()`.In the very rare cases that you need to prevent these event defaults, you should use [`on`](svelte-events#on) instead (for example inside an action).### Event delegationTo reduce memory footprint and increase performance, Svelte uses a technique called event delegation. This means that for certain events — see the list below — a single event listener at the application root takes responsibility for running any handlers on the event's path.There are a few gotchas to be aware of:- when you manually dispatch an event with a delegated listener, make sure to set the `{ bubbles: true }` option or it won't reach the application root- when using `addEventListener` directly, avoid calling `stopPropagation` or the event won't reach the application root and handlers won't be invoked. Similarly, handlers added manually inside the application root will run _before_ handlers added declaratively deeper in the DOM (with e.g. `onclick={...}`), in both capturing and bubbling phases. For these reasons it's better to use the `on` function imported from `svelte/events` rather than `addEventListener`, as it will ensure that order is preserved and `stopPropagation` is handled correctly.The following event handlers are delegated:- `beforeinput`- `click`- `change`- `dblclick`- `contextmenu`- `focusin`- `focusout`- `input`- `keydown`- `keyup`- `mousedown`- `mousemove`- `mouseout`- `mouseover`- `mouseup`- `pointerdown`- `pointermove`- `pointerout`- `pointerover`- `pointerup`- `touchend`- `touchmove`- `touchstart`## Text expressionsA JavaScript expression can be included as text by surrounding it with curly braces.```svelte{expression}```Expressions that are `null` or `undefined` will be omitted; all others are [coerced to strings](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String#string_coercion).Curly braces can be included in a Svelte template by using their [HTML entity](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/Entity) strings: `{`, `{`, or `{` for `{` and `}`, `}`, or `}` for `}`.If you're using a regular expression (`RegExp`) [literal notation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/RegExp#literal_notation_and_constructor), you'll need to wrap it in parentheses.```svelte

Hello {name}!

{a} + {b} = {a + b}.

{(/^[A-Za-z ]+$/).test(value) ? x : y}
```The expression will be stringified and escaped to prevent code injections. If you want to render HTML, use the `{@html}` tag instead.```svelte{@html potentiallyUnsafeHtmlString}```## CommentsYou can use HTML comments inside components.```svelte

Hello world

```Comments beginning with `svelte-ignore` disable warnings for the next block of markup. Usually, these are accessibility warnings; make sure that you're disabling them for a good reason.```svelte```You can add a special comment starting with `@component` that will show up when hovering over the component name in other files.````svelte

Hello, {name}

````# {#if ...}```svelte{#if expression}...{/if}``````svelte{#if expression}...{:else if expression}...{/if}``````svelte{#if expression}...{:else}...{/if}```Content that is conditionally rendered can be wrapped in an if block.```svelte{#if answer === 42}

what was the question?

{/if}```Additional conditions can be added with `{:else if expression}`, optionally ending in an `{:else}` clause.```svelte{#if porridge.temperature > 100}

too hot!

{:else if 80 > porridge.temperature}

too cold!

{:else}

just right!

{/if}```(Blocks don't have to wrap elements, they can also wrap text within elements.)# {#each ...}```svelte{#each expression as name}...{/each}``````svelte{#each expression as name, index}...{/each}```Iterating over values can be done with an each block. The values in question can be arrays, array-like objects (i.e. anything with a `length` property), or iterables like `Map` and `Set` — in other words, anything that can be used with `Array.from`.```svelte

Shopping list

    {#each items as item}
  • {item.name} x {item.qty}
    • {/each}
```An each block can also specify an _index_, equivalent to the second argument in an `array.map(...)` callback:```svelte{#each items as item, i}
  • {i + 1}: {item.name} x {item.qty}
    • {/each}```## Keyed each blocks```svelte{#each expression as name (key)}...{/each}``````svelte{#each expression as name, index (key)}...{/each}```If a _key_ expression is provided — which must uniquely identify each list item — Svelte will use it to intelligently update the list when data changes by inserting, moving and deleting items, rather than adding or removing items at the end and updating the state in the middle.The key can be any object, but strings and numbers are recommended since they allow identity to persist when the objects themselves change.```svelte{#each items as item (item.id)}
  • {item.name} x {item.qty}
    • {/each}{#each items as item, i (item.id)}
  • {i + 1}: {item.name} x {item.qty}
    • {/each}```You can freely use destructuring and rest patterns in each blocks.```svelte{#each items as { id, name, qty }, i (id)}
  • {i + 1}: {name} x {qty}
    • {/each}{#each objects as { id, ...rest }}
  • {id}
    • {/each}{#each items as [id, ...rest]}
  • {id}
    • {/each}```## Each blocks without an item```svelte{#each expression}...{/each}``````svelte{#each expression, index}...{/each}```In case you just want to render something `n` times, you can omit the `as` part ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte
    {#each { length: 8 }, rank} {#each { length: 8 }, file}
    {/each} {/each}
    ```## Else blocks```svelte{#each expression as name}...{:else}...{/each}```An each block can also have an `{:else}` clause, which is rendered if the list is empty.```svelte{#each todos as todo}

    {todo.text}

    {:else}

    No tasks today!

    {/each}```# {#key ...}```svelte{#key expression}...{/key}```Key blocks destroy and recreate their contents when the value of an expression changes. When used around components, this will cause them to be reinstantiated and reinitialised:```svelte{#key value}{/key}```It's also useful if you want a transition to play whenever a value changes:```svelte{#key value}
    {value}
    {/key}```# {#await ...}```svelte{#await expression}...{:then name}...{:catch name}...{/await}``````svelte{#await expression}...{:then name}...{/await}``````svelte{#await expression then name}...{/await}``````svelte{#await expression catch name}...{/await}```Await blocks allow you to branch on the three possible states of a [`Promise`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise) — pending, fulfilled or rejected.```svelte{#await promise}

    waiting for the promise to resolve...

    {:then value}

    The value is {value}

    {:catch error}

    Something went wrong: {error.message}

    {/await}```>> If the provided expression is not a `Promise`, only the `:then` branch will be rendered, including during server-side rendering.The `catch` block can be omitted if you don't need to render anything when the promise rejects (or no error is possible).```svelte{#await promise}

    waiting for the promise to resolve...

    {:then value}

    The value is {value}

    {/await}```If you don't care about the pending state, you can also omit the initial block.```svelte{#await promise then value}

    The value is {value}

    {/await}```Similarly, if you only want to show the error state, you can omit the `then` block.```svelte{#await promise catch error}

    The error is {error}

    {/await}``````svelte{#await import('./Component.svelte') then { default: Component }}{/await}```# {#snippet ...}```svelte{#snippet name()}...{/snippet}``````svelte{#snippet name(param1, param2, paramN)}...{/snippet}```Snippets, and [render tags](@render), are a way to create reusable chunks of markup inside your components. Instead of writing duplicative code like [this](/REMOVED)...```svelte{#each images as image} {#if image.href}
    {image.caption}
    {image.caption}
    {:else}
    {image.caption}
    {image.caption}
    {/if}{/each}```...you can write [this](/REMOVED):```svelte{#snippet figure(image)}
    {image.caption}
    {image.caption}
    {/snippet}{#each images as image} {#if image.href}{@render figure(image)}{:else} {@render figure(image)} {/if}{/each}```Like function declarations, snippets can have an arbitrary number of parameters, which can have default values, and you can destructure each parameter. You cannot use rest parameters, however.## Snippet scopeSnippets can be declared anywhere inside your component. They can reference values declared outside themselves, for example in the `{#snippet hello(name)}

    hello {name}! {message}!

    {/snippet}{@render hello('alice')}{@render hello('bob')}```...and they are 'visible' to everything in the same lexical scope (i.e. siblings, and children of those siblings):```svelte
    {#snippet x()} {#snippet y()}...{/snippet}{@render y()} {/snippet}{@render y()}
    {@render x()}```Snippets can reference themselves and each other ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte{#snippet blastoff()}🚀{/snippet}{#snippet countdown(n)} {#if n > 0}{n}...{@render countdown(n - 1)} {:else} {@render blastoff()} {/if}{/snippet}{@render countdown(10)}```## Passing snippets to components### Explicit propsWithin the template, snippets are values just like any other. As such, they can be passed to components as props ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte{#snippet header()}fruitqtypricetotal{/snippet}{#snippet row(d)}{d.name}{d.qty}{d.price}{d.qty * d.price}{/snippet}```Think about it like passing content instead of data to a component. The concept is similar to slots in web components.### Implicit propsAs an authoring convenience, snippets declared directly _inside_ a component implicitly become props _on_ the component ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte
    {#snippet header()}{/snippet} {#snippet row(d)}{/snippet}
    fruitqtypricetotal{d.name}{d.qty}{d.price}{d.qty * d.price}
    ```### Implicit `children` snippetAny content inside the component tags that is _not_ a snippet declaration implicitly becomes part of the `children` snippet ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte``````svelte```### Optional snippet propsYou can declare snippet props as being optional. You can either use optional chaining to not render anything if the snippet isn't set...```svelte{@render children?.()}```...or use an `#if` block to render fallback content:```svelte{#if children} {@render children()}{:else} fallback content{/if}```## Typing snippetsSnippets implement the `Snippet` interface imported from `'svelte'`:```svelte```With this change, red squigglies will appear if you try and use the component without providing a `data` prop and a `row` snippet. Notice that the type argument provided to `Snippet` is a tuple, since snippets can have multiple parameters.We can tighten things up further by declaring a generic, so that `data` and `row` refer to the same type:```svelte```## Exporting snippetsSnippets declared at the top level of a `.svelte` file can be exported from a `{#snippet add(a, b)} {a} + {b} = {a + b}{/snippet}```> This requires Svelte 5.5.0 or newer## Programmatic snippetsSnippets can be created programmatically with the [`createRawSnippet`](svelte#createRawSnippet) API. This is intended for advanced use cases.## Snippets and slotsIn Svelte 4, content can be passed to components using [slots](legacy-slots). Snippets are more powerful and flexible, and so slots have been deprecated in Svelte 5.# {@render ...}To render a [snippet](snippet), use a `{@render ...}` tag.```svelte{#snippet sum(a, b)}

    {a} + {b} = {a + b}

    {/snippet}{@render sum(1, 2)}{@render sum(3, 4)}{@render sum(5, 6)}```The expression can be an identifier like `sum`, or an arbitrary JavaScript expression:```svelte{@render (cool ? coolSnippet : lameSnippet)()}```## Optional snippetsIf the snippet is potentially undefined — for example, because it's an incoming prop — then you can use optional chaining to only render it when it _is_ defined:```svelte{@render children?.()}```Alternatively, use an [`{#if ...}`](if) block with an `:else` clause to render fallback content:```svelte{#if children} {@render children()}{:else}

    fallback content

    {/if}```# {@html ...}To inject raw HTML into your component, use the `{@html ...}` tag:```svelte
    {@html content}
    ```The expression should be valid standalone HTML — this will not work, because `
    ` is not valid HTML:```svelte{@html '
    '}content{@html '
    '}```It also will not compile Svelte code.## StylingContent rendered this way is 'invisible' to Svelte and as such will not receive [scoped styles](scoped-styles). In other words, this will not work, and the `a` and `img` styles will be regarded as unused:```svelte
    {@html content}
    ```Instead, use the `:global` modifier to target everything inside the `
    `:```svelte```# {@attach ...}Attachments are functions that run in an [effect]($effect) when an element is mounted to the DOM or when [state]($state) read inside the function updates.Optionally, they can return a function that is called before the attachment re-runs, or after the element is later removed from the DOM.> Attachments are available in Svelte 5.29 and newer.```svelte
    ...
    ```An element can have any number of attachments.## Attachment factoriesA useful pattern is for a function, such as `tooltip` in this example, to _return_ an attachment ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte```Since the `tooltip(content)` expression runs inside an [effect]($effect), the attachment will be destroyed and recreated whenever `content` changes. The same thing would happen for any state read _inside_ the attachment function when it first runs. (If this isn't what you want, see [Controlling when attachments re-run](#Controlling-when-attachments-re-run).)## Inline attachmentsAttachments can also be created inline ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte { const context = canvas.getContext('2d'); $effect(() => { context.fillStyle = color; context.fillRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height); }); }}>```> The nested effect runs whenever `color` changes, while the outer effect (where `canvas.getContext(...)` is called) only runs once, since it doesn't read any reactive state.## Passing attachments to componentsWhen used on a component, `{@attach ...}` will create a prop whose key is a [`Symbol`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Symbol). If the component then [spreads](/tutorial/svelte/spread-props) props onto an element, the element will receive those attachments.This allows you to create _wrapper components_ that augment elements ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte``````svelte```## Controlling when attachments re-runAttachments, unlike [actions](use), are fully reactive: `{@attach foo(bar)}` will re-run on changes to `foo` _or_ `bar` (or any state read inside `foo`):```js// @errors: 7006 2304 2552function foo(bar) { return (node) => { veryExpensiveSetupWork(node); update(node, bar); };}```In the rare case that this is a problem (for example, if `foo` does expensive and unavoidable setup work) consider passing the data inside a function and reading it in a child effect:```js// @errors: 7006 2304 2552function foo(+++getBar+++) { return (node) => { veryExpensiveSetupWork(node);+++ $effect(() => { update(node, getBar()); });+++ }}```## Creating attachments programmaticallyTo add attachments to an object that will be spread onto a component or element, use [`createAttachmentKey`](svelte-attachments#createAttachmentKey).## Converting actions to attachmentsIf you're using a library that only provides actions, you can convert them to attachments with [`fromAction`](svelte-attachments#fromAction), allowing you to (for example) use them with components.# {@const ...}The `{@const ...}` tag defines a local constant.```svelte{#each boxes as box} {@const area = box.width * box.height} {box.width} * {box.height} = {area}{/each}````{@const}` is only allowed as an immediate child of a block — `{#if ...}`, `{#each ...}`, `{#snippet ...}` and so on — a `` or a ``.# {@debug ...}The `{@debug ...}` tag offers an alternative to `console.log(...)`. It logs the values of specific variables whenever they change, and pauses code execution if you have devtools open.```svelte{@debug user}

    Hello {user.firstname}!

    ````{@debug ...}` accepts a comma-separated list of variable names (not arbitrary expressions).```svelte{@debug user}{@debug user1, user2, user3}{@debug user.firstname}{@debug myArray[0]}{@debug !isReady}{@debug typeof user === 'object'}```The `{@debug}` tag without any arguments will insert a `debugger` statement that gets triggered when _any_ state changes, as opposed to the specified variables.# bind:Data ordinarily flows down, from parent to child. The `bind:` directive allows data to flow the other way, from child to parent.The general syntax is `bind:property={expression}`, where `expression` is an [_lvalue_](https://press.rebus.community/programmingfundamentals/chapter/lvalue-and-rvalue/) (i.e. a variable or an object property). When the expression is an identifier with the same name as the property, we can omit the expression — in other words these are equivalent:```svelte```Svelte creates an event listener that updates the bound value. If an element already has a listener for the same event, that listener will be fired before the bound value is updated.Most bindings are _two-way_, meaning that changes to the value will affect the element and vice versa. A few bindings are _readonly_, meaning that changing their value will have no effect on the element.## Function bindingsYou can also use `bind:property={get, set}`, where `get` and `set` are functions, allowing you to perform validation and transformation:```svelte value, (v) => value = v.toLowerCase()}/>```In the case of readonly bindings like [dimension bindings](#Dimensions), the `get` value should be `null`:```svelte
    ...
    ```> Function bindings are available in Svelte 5.9.0 and newer.## ``A `bind:value` directive on an `` element binds the input's `value` property:```svelte

    {message}

    ```In the case of a numeric input (`type="number"` or `type="range"`), the value will be coerced to a number ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte

    {a} + {b} = {a + b}

    ```If the input is empty or invalid (in the case of `type="number"`), the value is `undefined`.Since 5.6.0, if an `` has a `defaultValue` and is part of a form, it will revert to that value instead of the empty string when the form is reset. Note that for the initial render the value of the binding takes precedence unless it is `null` or `undefined`.```svelte
    ```> Use reset buttons sparingly, and ensure that users won't accidentally click them while trying to submit the form.## ``Checkbox inputs can be bound with `bind:checked`:```svelte```Since 5.6.0, if an `` has a `defaultChecked` attribute and is part of a form, it will revert to that value instead of `false` when the form is reset. Note that for the initial render the value of the binding takes precedence unless it is `null` or `undefined`.```svelte
    ```## ``Checkboxes can be in an [indeterminate](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/HTMLInputElement/indeterminate) state, independently of whether they are checked or unchecked:```svelte
    {#if indeterminate} waiting... {:else if checked} checked {:else} unchecked {/if}
    ```## ``Inputs that work together can use `bind:group` ([demo](/REMOVED)):```svelte```## ``On `` elements with `type="file"`, you can use `bind:files` to get the [`FileList` of selected files](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/FileList). When you want to update the files programmatically, you always need to use a `FileList` object. Currently `FileList` objects cannot be constructed directly, so you need to create a new [`DataTransfer`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/DataTransfer) object and get `files` from there.```svelte````FileList` objects also cannot be modified, so if you want to e.g. delete a single file from the list, you need to create a new `DataTransfer` object and add the files you want to keep.## `` value binding corresponds to the `value` property on the selected ````When the value of an ````## `