优先推荐的温州SEO推广公司，Google SEO培训班大逆转！订单激增，东南亚制造工厂大量迁回中国
图片来源：图虫创意
过去几年，许多外企纷纷把劳动密集型制造工厂从中国转移到东南亚国家，一方面是为了降低高额的用工成本，另一方面也是为了规避当初特朗普政府在中美贸易战期间设置的关税壁垒。越南、柬埔寨、印尼、缅甸和马来西亚等国家，便是这些外企"外迁"开设新工厂的热门选址。
In recent years, many foreign companies have relocated labor-intensive manufacturing factories from China to Southeast Asian countries, on one hand to reduce high labor costs, and on the other to avoid tariff barriers set by the Trump administration during the US-China trade war. Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Myanmar and Malaysia have been popular destinations for these companies to set up new factories.
但自疫情爆发以来，这些外迁的工厂日子并不好过，疫情的反复以及东南亚各地政府对开工生产的限制措施，致使其生产力受到严重影响。以越南为例，尽管刚刚经过三个月的封锁后，越南政府已开始逐步放松限制，但封锁措施留下的后遗症以及未来不确定的疫情干扰，使得越来越多的工厂得不得重新思考未来的发展。
However, since the outbreak of the pandemic, these relocated factories have faced difficulties. The recurring pandemic and production restrictions imposed by Southeast Asian governments have severely impacted their productivity. Taking Vietnam as an example, although the government has begun to gradually relax restrictions after a three-month lockdown, the aftereffects of the lockdown measures and uncertain future pandemic disruptions are forcing more factories to reconsider their future development.
反观中国国内，疫情被有效控制，企业、工厂正有序开展生产。所以，大量的外迁工厂，正考虑将再工厂搬回中国。根据FactSet 9月14日的一份管理会议记录，Designer Brands的CEO Roger Rawlins说道，"某位CEO曾经告诉我，他花费六年时间建造的供应链体系仅在6天内就'支离破碎'了。之前各大老板都在费尽脑汁想要迁厂离开中国，而现在中国却成为可以拯救他们生产的地方，世事难料。"
In contrast, China has effectively controlled the pandemic, and businesses and factories are operating in an orderly manner. Therefore, many relocated factories are considering moving back to China. According to a FactSet management meeting record on September 14, Roger Rawlins, CEO of Designer Brands, said, "A CEO once told me that the supply chain system he built over six years was 'shattered' in just six days. Previously, major bosses were racking their brains to move factories out of China, but now China has become the place that can save their production. How unpredictable the world is."
今年6月，高度传染性的德尔塔变异病株在越南爆发，彼时的越南国内仅有4%的人接种了疫苗，全国病例激增。为此越南政府不得不宣布关闭工厂，规定只有在特殊严格的条件下才可重新开放，且工人必须住在与工作地点相近的隔离宿舍里。这些限制措施大幅降低了越南制造业产出，并开始侵蚀全球品牌的利润。阿迪达斯曾表示，越南工厂的生产延迟将使其公司在2021年损失6亿美元的销售额。家具公司Hooker Furniture的高管估计，由于封锁，他们的Home Meridian International品牌单季度的销售额将下降30%……基于此，一些企业期望尽快迁出越南以维持供应链产能。
In June this year, the highly contagious Delta variant broke out in Vietnam, when only 4% of the population was vaccinated, leading to a surge in cases nationwide. The Vietnamese government had to announce factory closures, stipulating that they could only reopen under special strict conditions, and workers had to live in isolation dormitories near their workplaces. These restrictions significantly reduced Vietnam's manufacturing output and began to erode the profits of global brands. Adidas said production delays at Vietnamese factories would cost the company $600 million in sales in 2021. Executives at furniture company Hooker Furniture estimated that due to the lockdown, sales of their Home Meridian International brand would drop 30% in a single quarter... Based on this, some companies hope to move out of Vietnam as soon as possible to maintain supply chain capacity.
防护服制造公司Lakeland Industries的CEO Charles Roberson在9月9日的财报电话会议上表示，公司已经聘请了新的高管，准备在几周内将产能从越南转移到中国。实际上，对于这些外企而言，将东南亚的工厂迁回中国国内，并不容易。所以，仍有相当一部分大企业并没有立即着手迁厂回中国的事宜，原因有二。
Charles Roberson, CEO of protective clothing manufacturer Lakeland Industries, said at an earnings conference call on September 9 that the company had hired new executives and was preparing to transfer production capacity from Vietnam to China within weeks. In fact, for these foreign companies, relocating factories from Southeast Asia back to China is not easy. Therefore, a considerable number of large enterprises have not immediately started the process of moving factories back to China, for two reasons.
首先，在疫情期间，公司必须克服巨大的物流障碍，才能将制造业从中国转移到越南，还要寻找工人，重新安置设备，制定新货运策略，在中国重建供应链是昂贵且耗时的大工程。其二，则是关税成本。美国对中国的出口商品征收关税，要将这笔成本考虑在内，并维持利润营收，需要一番计算权衡。所以，也有很多公司采取了更为谨慎的方式——如继续加大在整个东南亚地区的工厂布局，以期在提高产能的同时，分摊疫情下东南亚各国将会面临的不确定风险。
First, during the pandemic, companies had to overcome huge logistical obstacles to move manufacturing from China to Vietnam, find workers, relocate equipment, and develop new shipping strategies. Rebuilding supply chains in China is an expensive and time-consuming project. Second, there are tariff costs. The US imposes tariffs on Chinese exports, and companies need to factor in these costs and maintain profit revenue, requiring careful calculation and trade-offs. Therefore, many companies have adopted a more cautious approach - such as continuing to expand factory layouts across Southeast Asia to increase production capacity while sharing the uncertain risks that Southeast Asian countries may face under the pandemic.
不过，对更多企业来说，能够赶在年终购物旺季前将工厂重迁回中国，提高产能或是更有利的选择。
However, for more companies, being able to move factories back to China before the year-end shopping season to increase production capacity may be a more advantageous option.
