中国外贸企业如何应对2022年挑战：从"高坡儿"到"大坎儿"的转型之路
中国外贸企业如何应对2022年挑战：从"高坡儿"到"大坎儿"的转型之路
How Chinese Foreign Trade Enterprises Meet 2022 Challenges: The Transformation Path from "High Slope" to "Big Hurdle"
2021年中国外贸创造了历史新高，进出口总额达到39.1万亿元人民币，同比增长21.4%。然而，在亮眼数据的背后，许多外贸企业却面临着"叫好不叫座"的困境。
In 2021, China's foreign trade hit a record high, with total import and export volume reaching 39.1 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 21.4%. However, behind the impressive data, many foreign trade enterprises are facing the dilemma of "praise without profit".
江苏德丰锦昕工贸有限公司董事长符国富表示："今年没什么利润了，战略是保生存"。这家年出口额2-3亿元的宠物用品企业，虽然订单量增长20%，但受原材料上涨、人民币升值等因素影响，利润空间被严重挤压。
Fu Guofu, chairman of Jiangsu Defeng Jinxin Industrial and Trading Co., Ltd., said: "There is almost no profit this year, our strategy is to survive". This pet products company with annual export volume of 200-300 million yuan saw a 20% increase in orders, but its profit margin was severely squeezed by factors such as rising raw material prices and RMB appreciation.
多重压力下的外贸企业
Foreign Trade Enterprises Under Multiple Pressures
2021年外贸领域存在"三缺四升"问题：
- 三缺：缺芯片、缺集装箱、缺工人
- 四升：运费上涨、原材料成本上升、能源资源价格上涨、人民币汇率升值
In 2021, the foreign trade sector faced the problem of "three shortages and four increases":
- Three shortages: Shortage of chips, containers and workers
- Four increases: Rising freight costs, raw material costs, energy resource prices and RMB exchange rate appreciation
最突出的挑战之一是海运费用暴涨。疫情前一个集装箱到欧美的运费约1万美元，2021年下半年最高涨至3万美元。上海明傲企业管理有限公司总经理卢旭东表示："很多企业'叫好不叫座'，咬紧牙关接单只为保住客户"。
One of the most prominent challenges is the soaring sea freight costs. Before the pandemic, the freight cost for one container to Europe and America was about $10,000, which rose to a maximum of $30,000 in the second half of 2021. Lu Xudong, general manager of Shanghai Ming'ao Enterprise Management Co., Ltd., said: "Many enterprises 'get praise but no profit', taking orders with clenched teeth just to keep customers".
2022年外贸形势展望
2022 Foreign Trade Outlook
中国商务部副部长任鸿斌表示，2022年中国外贸可能要过一个"大坎儿"。主要挑战包括：
- 全球疫情反复
- 经济复苏分化
- 大宗商品价格高位运行
- 2021年高基数效应
Chinese Vice Minister of Commerce Ren Hongbin said that in 2022, China's foreign trade may face a "big hurdle". The main challenges include:
- Global pandemic fluctuations
- Divergent economic recovery
- High commodity prices
- High base effect from 2021
不过，RCEP生效为中国外贸带来新机遇。2022年1月1日，《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》正式实施，中国与东盟、澳大利亚、新西兰等国的立即零关税比例超过65%。
However, the effectiveness of RCEP brings new opportunities for China's foreign trade. On January 1, 2022, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement officially took effect, with immediate zero-tariff ratio exceeding 65% between China and ASEAN, Australia, New Zealand and other countries.
外贸企业的转型之道
Transformation Path for Foreign Trade Enterprises
面对挑战，中国外贸企业正在探索三条转型路径：
- 产品升级：提高技术含量和附加值
- 品牌出海：发展DTC(直面消费者)模式
- 渠道创新：拓展跨境电商等新业态
Facing challenges, Chinese foreign trade enterprises are exploring three transformation paths:
- Product upgrading: Improve technical content and added value
- Brand going global: Develop DTC (Direct To Consumer) model
- Channel innovation: Expand new formats such as cross-border e-commerce
跨境电商专家Kevin表示："中国制造真正出海，必须先让海外消费者信任中国制造背后的卖家。"2021年，中国跨境电商出口增长24.5%，高于整体出口增速。
Cross-border e-commerce expert Kevin said: "For Chinese manufacturing to truly go global, overseas consumers must first trust the sellers behind Chinese manufacturing." In 2021, China's cross-border e-commerce exports grew by 24.5%, higher than the overall export growth rate.
北京大学国家发展研究院余淼杰教授认为："毫无疑问，数字经济将对中国出口产生重要推进作用。"只要坚持创新转型，中国外贸一定能迈过"大坎儿"，续写荣景。
Professor Yu Miaojie from Peking University's National School of Development believes: "There is no doubt that the digital economy will play an important role in promoting China's exports." As long as we persist in innovation and transformation, China's foreign trade will surely overcome the "big hurdle" and continue its prosperity.
