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Let $f\in \mathbb{R}[x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4]$ defined by $$f_a(x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4)=\prod_{1\leqslant i<j\leqslant4}(x_i-x_j)^{2a_{ij}}$$ where $a=(a_{12},a_{13},a_{14},a_{23},a_{24},a_{34})\in \mathbb{N}^6$. Define a $4\times4$ matrix $A_f$ as follow: $$A_{f_a}=\begin{bmatrix} L(1) & L(\frac{x_2}{x_1}) & L(\frac{x_4}{x_3}) & L(\frac{x_2x_4}{x_1x_3})\\ L(\frac{x_1}{x_2}) & L(1) & L(\frac{x_1x_4}{x_2x_3}) & L(\frac{x_4}{x_3})\\ L(\frac{x_3}{x_4}) & L(\frac{x_2x_3}{x_1x_4}) & L(1) & L(\frac{x_2}{x_1})\\ L(\frac{x_1x_3}{x_2x_4}) & L(\frac{x_3}{x_4}) & L(\frac{x_1}{x_2}) & L(1) \end{bmatrix}$$ where $L(\frac{x_{i_1}\cdots x_{i_k}}{x_{j_1}\cdots x_{j_k}})$ denotes the coefficient of $$\left(\prod_{1\leqslant i<j\leqslant4}(x_ix_j)^{a_{ij}}\right)\frac{x_{i_1}\cdots x_{i_k}}{x_{j_1}\cdots x_{j_k}}$$ in the expansion of $f$.

For example, when $a_1=(a,0,0,0,0,b)$, \begin{align} f_{a_1}(x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4)&=(x_1-x_2)^{2a}(x_3-x_4)^{2b},\\ \\ (-1)^{a+b}A_{f_{a_1}}&= \begin{bmatrix} \binom{2a}{a}\binom{2b}{b} & -\binom{2a}{a-1}\binom{2b}{b} & -\binom{2a}{a}\binom{2b}{b-1} & \binom{2a}{a-1}\binom{2b}{b-1}\\ -\binom{2a}{a-1}\binom{2b}{b} & \binom{2a}{a}\binom{2b}{b} & \binom{2a}{a-1}\binom{2b}{b-1} & -\binom{2a}{a}\binom{2b}{b-1}\\ -\binom{2a}{a}\binom{2b}{b-1} & \binom{2a}{a-1}\binom{2b}{b-1} & \binom{2a}{a}\binom{2b}{b} & -\binom{2a}{a-1}\binom{2b}{b}\\ \binom{2a}{a-1}\binom{2b}{b-1} & -\binom{2a}{a}\binom{2b}{b-1} & -\binom{2a}{a-1}\binom{2b}{b} & \binom{2a}{a}\binom{2b}{b} \end{bmatrix}. \end{align} It is not difficult to verify that the determinant of $A_{f_{a_1}}$ is nonzero. In fact,$$\det(A_{f_{a_1}})=\binom{2a}{a}^4\binom{2b}{b}^4\frac{(2a+1)^2(2b+1)^2}{(a+1)^4(b+1)^4}.$$ Moreover, I verified that $\det(A_{f_a})\neq0$ for many simple $a\in \mathbb{N}^6$.

My question

Does $\det(A_{f_a})\neq0$ hold for all $a\in \mathbb{N}^6$? Is there any significance for the matrix $A_{f_a}$? Any idea is welcome!

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    $\begingroup$ What is the background-motivation_ $\endgroup$ Commented Oct 6, 2018 at 21:22

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For a given monomial $Y=\frac{x_{i_1}\cdots x_{i_k}}{x_{j_1}\cdots x_{j_k}}$ the coefficient $L(Y)$ multiplied by the constant $(-1)^{\sum_{i<j} a_{ij}}$ equals $$[Y]\prod_{i,j}(1-x_i/x_j)^{a_{ij}}=\int Y^{-1}d\mu,$$ where $d\mu$ is the measure on the $4$-dimensional torus $\mathbb{T}^4=\{(x_1,x_2,x_3,x_4)\in \mathbb{C}^4:|x_1|=|x_2|=|x_3|=|x_4|=1\}$ which density w.r.t. normalized Lebesgue measure equals to $\prod_{i,j}(1-x_i/x_j)^{a_{ij}}$ (the key observation is that this is always real and almost always positive). Your matrix is then (up to aforementioned sign) Gram matrix of the functions $1,x_2/x_1,x_4/x_3,x_2x_4/x_1x_3$ in $L^2(\mu)$. They are linearly independent, hence the determinant is strictly positive.

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  • $\begingroup$ Fedor Petrov: Thank you very much for your help! I do not quite understand the equality $$[Y]\prod_{i,j}(1-x_i/x_j)^{a_{ij}}=\int Y^{-1}d\mu.$$ What does $[Y]$ mean? Would you please explain it in more detail? Thank you! $\endgroup$ Commented Oct 7, 2018 at 6:35
  • $\begingroup$ as usual $[Y]F$ denotes the coefficient of monomial $Y$ in expression $F$ $\endgroup$ Commented Oct 7, 2018 at 7:16
  • $\begingroup$ Fedor Petrov: I see. Thank you very much! $\endgroup$ Commented Oct 7, 2018 at 17:24

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