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Godel's undecidable sentences in first-order arithmetic were guaranteed to be true, by construction. But are there examples of specific sentences known to be undecidable in first-order arithmetic whose truth values aren't known? I'm thinking, by contrast, of the situation in set theory: CH is undecidable in ZFC, but its truth value is, in some sense, unknown.

Paris and Harrington showed the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem is true (in the sense of provable in second-order arithmetic) but undecidable in first-order arithmetic. I'm asking for "natural" examples in this general vein -- but whose truth values haven't yet been settled.

EDIT. Let me clarify my interest in the question, which is more philosophical than mathematical. I asked it on the basis of the following passage in Peter Koellner's paper "On the Question of Absolute Undecidability":

The above statements of analysis [i.e. all projective sets of reals are Lebesgue measurable] and set theory [i.e. CH] differ from the early arithmetical instances of incompleteness in that their independence does not imply their truth. Moreover, it is not immediately clear whether they are settled at any level of the hierarchy. They are much more serious cases of independence.

What I'm asking is whether there are "much more serious cases" of independence even in first-order arithmetic -- and not in the trivial case of full-on ZFC, like V=L, etc. By a sentence with "unknown truth value," I just mean a sentence that hasn't been proved in a theory stronger than first-order arithmetic. (For example, Paris and Harrington proved the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem in second-order arithmetic.)

Godel's undecidable sentences in first-order arithmetic were guaranteed to be true, by construction. But are there examples of specific sentences known to be undecidable in first-order arithmetic whose truth values aren't known? I'm thinking, by contrast, of the situation in set theory: CH is undecidable in ZFC, but its truth value is unknown.

Paris and Harrington showed the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem is true (in the sense of provable in second-order arithmetic) but undecidable in first-order arithmetic. I'm asking for "natural" examples in this general vein -- but whose truth values haven't yet been settled.

EDIT. Let me clarify my interest in the question, which is more philosophical than mathematical. I asked it on the basis of the following passage in Peter Koellner's paper "On the Question of Absolute Undecidability":

The above statements of analysis [i.e. all projective sets of reals are Lebesgue measurable] and set theory [i.e. CH] differ from the early arithmetical instances of incompleteness in that their independence does not imply their truth. Moreover, it is not immediately clear whether they are settled at any level of the hierarchy. They are much more serious cases of independence.

What I'm asking is whether there are "much more serious cases" of independence even in first-order arithmetic -- and not in the trivial case of full-on ZFC, like V=L, etc. By a sentence with "unknown truth value," I just mean a sentence that hasn't been proved in a theory stronger than first-order arithmetic. (For example, Paris and Harrington proved the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem in second-order arithmetic.)

Godel's undecidable sentences in first-order arithmetic were guaranteed to be true, by construction. But are there examples of specific sentences known to be undecidable in first-order arithmetic whose truth values aren't known? I'm thinking, by contrast, of the situation in set theory: CH is undecidable in ZFC, but its truth value is, in some sense, unknown.

Paris and Harrington showed the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem is true (in the sense of provable in second-order arithmetic) but undecidable in first-order arithmetic. I'm asking for "natural" examples in this general vein -- but whose truth values haven't yet been settled.

EDIT. Let me clarify my interest in the question, which is more philosophical than mathematical. I asked it on the basis of the following passage in Peter Koellner's paper "On the Question of Absolute Undecidability":

The above statements of analysis [i.e. all projective sets of reals are Lebesgue measurable] and set theory [i.e. CH] differ from the early arithmetical instances of incompleteness in that their independence does not imply their truth. Moreover, it is not immediately clear whether they are settled at any level of the hierarchy. They are much more serious cases of independence.

What I'm asking is whether there are "much more serious cases" of independence even in first-order arithmetic -- and not in the trivial case of full-on ZFC, like V=L, etc. By a sentence with "unknown truth value," I just mean a sentence that hasn't been proved in a theory stronger than first-order arithmetic. (For example, Paris and Harrington proved the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem in second-order arithmetic.)

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Godel's undecidable sentences in first-order arithmetic were guaranteed to be true, by construction. But are there examples of specific sentences known to be undecidable in first-order arithmetic whose truth values aren't known? I'm thinking, by contrast, of the situation in set theory: CH is undecidable in ZFC, but its truth value is unknown.

Paris and Harrington showed the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem is true (in the sense of provable in second-order arithmetic) but unprovableundecidable in first-order arithmetic; I don't know if there's a proof that extends the result to full-on undecidability rather than just unprovabilityarithmetic. But I'm asking for "natural" examples in this general vein -- but whose truth values haven't yet been settled.

EDIT. Let me clarify my interest in the question, which is more philosophical than mathematical. I asked it on the basis of the following passage in Peter Koellner's paper "On the Question of Absolute Undecidability":

The above statements of analysis [i.e. all projective sets of reals are Lebesgue measurable] and set theory [i.e. CH] differ from the early arithmetical instances of incompleteness in that their independence does not imply their truth. Moreover, it is not immediately clear whether they are settled at any level of the hierarchy. They are much more serious cases of independence.

What I'm asking is whether there are "much more serious cases" of independence even in first-order arithmetic -- and not in the trivial case of full-on ZFC, like V=L, etc. By a sentence with "unknown truth value," I just mean a sentence that hasn't been proved in a theory stronger than first-order arithmetic. (For example, Paris and Harrington proved the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem in second-order arithmetic.)

Godel's undecidable sentences in first-order arithmetic were guaranteed to be true, by construction. But are there examples of specific sentences known to be undecidable in first-order arithmetic whose truth values aren't known? I'm thinking, by contrast, of the situation in set theory: CH is undecidable in ZFC, but its truth value is unknown.

Paris and Harrington showed the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem is true but unprovable in first-order arithmetic; I don't know if there's a proof that extends the result to full-on undecidability rather than just unprovability. But I'm asking for "natural" examples in this general vein -- whose truth values haven't yet been settled.

EDIT. Let me clarify my interest in the question, which is more philosophical than mathematical. I asked it on the basis of the following passage in Peter Koellner's paper "On the Question of Absolute Undecidability":

The above statements of analysis [i.e. all projective sets of reals are Lebesgue measurable] and set theory [i.e. CH] differ from the early arithmetical instances of incompleteness in that their independence does not imply their truth. Moreover, it is not immediately clear whether they are settled at any level of the hierarchy. They are much more serious cases of independence.

What I'm asking is whether there are "much more serious cases" of independence even in first-order arithmetic -- and not in the trivial case of full-on ZFC, like V=L, etc. By a sentence with "unknown truth value," I just mean a sentence that hasn't been proved in a theory stronger than first-order arithmetic. (For example, Paris and Harrington proved the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem in second-order arithmetic.)

Godel's undecidable sentences in first-order arithmetic were guaranteed to be true, by construction. But are there examples of specific sentences known to be undecidable in first-order arithmetic whose truth values aren't known? I'm thinking, by contrast, of the situation in set theory: CH is undecidable in ZFC, but its truth value is unknown.

Paris and Harrington showed the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem is true (in the sense of provable in second-order arithmetic) but undecidable in first-order arithmetic. I'm asking for "natural" examples in this general vein -- but whose truth values haven't yet been settled.

EDIT. Let me clarify my interest in the question, which is more philosophical than mathematical. I asked it on the basis of the following passage in Peter Koellner's paper "On the Question of Absolute Undecidability":

The above statements of analysis [i.e. all projective sets of reals are Lebesgue measurable] and set theory [i.e. CH] differ from the early arithmetical instances of incompleteness in that their independence does not imply their truth. Moreover, it is not immediately clear whether they are settled at any level of the hierarchy. They are much more serious cases of independence.

What I'm asking is whether there are "much more serious cases" of independence even in first-order arithmetic -- and not in the trivial case of full-on ZFC, like V=L, etc. By a sentence with "unknown truth value," I just mean a sentence that hasn't been proved in a theory stronger than first-order arithmetic. (For example, Paris and Harrington proved the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem in second-order arithmetic.)

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Godel's undecidable sentences in first-order arithmetic were guaranteed to be true, by construction. But are there examples of specific sentences known to be undecidable in first-order arithmetic whose truth values aren't known? I'm thinking, by contrast, of the situation in set theory: CH is undecidable in ZFC, but its truth value is unknown.

Paris and Harrington showed the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem is true but unprovable in first-order arithmetic; I don't know if there's a proof that extends the result to full-on undecidability rather than just unprovability. But I'm asking for "natural" examples in this general vein -- whose truth values haven't yet been settled.

EDIT. Let me clarify my interest in the question, which is more philosophical than mathematical. I asked it on the basis of the following passage in Peter Koellner's paper "On the Question of Absolute Undecidability":

The above statements of analysis [i.e. all projective sets of reals are Lebesgue measurable] and set theory [i.e. CH] differ from the early arithmetical instances of incompleteness in that their independence does not imply their truth. Moreover, it is not immediately clear whether they are settled at any level of the hierarchy. They are much more serious cases of independence.

What I'm asking is whether there are "much more serious cases" of independence even in first-order arithmetic -- and not in the trivial case of full-on ZFC, like V=L, etc. By a sentence with "unknown truth value," I just mean a sentence that hasn't been proved in a theory stronger than first-order arithmetic. (For example, Paris and Harrington proved the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem in second-order arithmetic.)

Godel's undecidable sentences in first-order arithmetic were guaranteed to be true, by construction. But are there examples of specific sentences known to be undecidable in first-order arithmetic whose truth values aren't known? I'm thinking, by contrast, of the situation in set theory: CH is undecidable in ZFC, but its truth value is unknown.

Paris and Harrington showed the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem is true but unprovable in first-order arithmetic; I don't know if there's a proof that extends the result to full-on undecidability rather than just unprovability. But I'm asking for "natural" examples in this general vein -- whose truth values haven't yet been settled.

Godel's undecidable sentences in first-order arithmetic were guaranteed to be true, by construction. But are there examples of specific sentences known to be undecidable in first-order arithmetic whose truth values aren't known? I'm thinking, by contrast, of the situation in set theory: CH is undecidable in ZFC, but its truth value is unknown.

Paris and Harrington showed the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem is true but unprovable in first-order arithmetic; I don't know if there's a proof that extends the result to full-on undecidability rather than just unprovability. But I'm asking for "natural" examples in this general vein -- whose truth values haven't yet been settled.

EDIT. Let me clarify my interest in the question, which is more philosophical than mathematical. I asked it on the basis of the following passage in Peter Koellner's paper "On the Question of Absolute Undecidability":

The above statements of analysis [i.e. all projective sets of reals are Lebesgue measurable] and set theory [i.e. CH] differ from the early arithmetical instances of incompleteness in that their independence does not imply their truth. Moreover, it is not immediately clear whether they are settled at any level of the hierarchy. They are much more serious cases of independence.

What I'm asking is whether there are "much more serious cases" of independence even in first-order arithmetic -- and not in the trivial case of full-on ZFC, like V=L, etc. By a sentence with "unknown truth value," I just mean a sentence that hasn't been proved in a theory stronger than first-order arithmetic. (For example, Paris and Harrington proved the strengthened finite Ramsey theorem in second-order arithmetic.)

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