服务最到位的贸易公司找客户球墨服务，谷歌竞价推广怎么做到的？
它们曾经征服了世界——浅谈明清外销瓷
They Once Conquered the World: A Brief Discussion on Ming and Qing Export Porcelain
明清时期外销瓷，是中国瓷器史上的一朵“异域之花”，一方面它产自国内，是地地道道的中国产物；另一方面，由于生产目的是外销它国，这些瓷器又不得不带有异域风采。今天，小编就带着诸位读者看看这些带有异域风采的瓷器，看看明清之际的中西融合产物——外销瓷。
Ming and Qing export porcelain was a unique "exotic flower" in Chinese ceramic history. On one hand, it was authentically Chinese in origin; on the other, it had to incorporate foreign elements to cater to overseas markets. Today, let's explore these fascinating pieces that represent the fusion of Chinese and Western cultures during the Ming and Qing dynasties.
清代外销瓷器
Qing Dynasty Export Porcelain
明清两代是中国古代陶瓷制造的巅峰时期，同时也是外销瓷的黄金时期。从明朝永乐年间开始的郑和七下西洋有力地推动了明朝政府的朝贡贸易，到明朝中晚期西班牙和葡萄牙人开创的航海时代瓜分领土掠夺资源，这些无一不在推动中国外销瓷的生产与销售。
The Ming and Qing dynasties represented the pinnacle of ancient Chinese ceramic production and the golden age of export porcelain. From Zheng He's seven voyages during the Yongle era that boosted tributary trade, to the Spanish and Portuguese navigators who divided territories and exploited resources in the mid-to-late Ming period - all these factors contributed to the production and sale of Chinese export porcelain.
景德镇地理位置
Jingdezhen's Geographic Advantage
受益于得天独厚的地理位置和自然资源，江西景德镇已经成为明清时期的制瓷中心，鄱阳湖丰富的物产保证劳动力的充足，高岭土的发现让此地生产的瓷器成为第一无二的特色产品。临近浙江和福建也使外销瓷器的运输问题得以解决。
Blessed with exceptional geographic location and natural resources, Jingdezhen in Jiangxi became the ceramic production center during the Ming and Qing dynasties. Poyang Lake's abundant resources ensured sufficient labor, while the discovery of kaolin clay made its porcelain products uniquely special. Its proximity to Zhejiang and Fujian also facilitated transportation for export.
广州十三行
The Thirteen Hongs of Canton
明朝嘉靖三十二年葡萄牙人占据了澳门，从而结束了日本作为中国航海贸易中介的惯例，西方商人开始直接和中国做生意。这样做的直接后果就是来华贸易的商船大大增加，葡萄牙商人也可以直接向中国人定制更符合欧洲人审美的瓷器。
In 1553, the Portuguese occupied Macau, ending Japan's role as intermediary in China's maritime trade. Western merchants began trading directly with China, leading to a significant increase in trade ships. Portuguese merchants could now directly order porcelain that better suited European tastes.
看到了葡萄牙赚钱了巨额利润后，欧洲其他各国也不甘落后，纷纷希望与中国直接建立贸易联系。于是，在康熙二十四年（1685年）中国允许外国贸易公司在广州建立商行，这便是"广州十三行"的前身，从此中国瓷器开始大量进入欧洲市场。
Seeing Portugal's enormous profits, other European nations sought direct trade relations with China. In 1685, Emperor Kangxi permitted foreign trading companies to establish offices in Guangzhou - the precursor to the Thirteen Hongs, marking the beginning of massive Chinese porcelain exports to Europe.
外销瓷的样式
Styles of Export Porcelain
景德镇外销瓷样式大概有三种：中国传统器型、欧洲传统器型和中式器型改装器。
Jingdezhen export porcelain came in three main styles: traditional Chinese forms, traditional European forms, and modified Chinese forms.
中国传统风格图案
Traditional Chinese Patterns
谈到外销瓷，克拉克瓷当仁不让地要首先说起。克拉克瓷流行于明代万历至崇祯时期，主要特点是在盘、碗、碟等器物的中心纹饰外围有一周开光装饰；开光中心是花草、虫鸟或树木；盘心主体有风景、人物、龙凤纹等。
When discussing export porcelain, Kraak ware must be mentioned first. Popular during the Wanli to Chongzhen periods of the Ming dynasty, its main characteristic was a series of paneled decorations surrounding the central motif on plates, bowls and dishes. The panels typically featured flowers, birds or trees, while the center displayed landscapes, figures, or dragon-phoenix patterns.
纹章瓷
Armorial Porcelain
纹章瓷也是中国外销瓷中很有特色的品种，它是指表面装饰有欧洲家族、团体或个人标志的瓷器。纹章源于中世纪战场上骑士盾牌的图案，原本的作用是使战士在战场上更容易地分清敌我士兵，后来逐渐演变为家族荣誉的标准。
Armorial porcelain was another distinctive type of Chinese export ware, decorated with European family, organizational or personal crests. Originating from medieval knight shield designs used for battlefield identification, these gradually evolved into symbols of family honor.
外销瓷对世界陶瓷的影响
Impact of Export Porcelain on World Ceramics
随着中国瓷器源源不断地流入欧洲，瓷器对欧洲人的生活影响日渐深入，欧洲也开始仿制中国瓷器。比较成功的是诞生于意大利佛罗伦萨的"美第奇瓷"，不过更应该称为它是介于玻璃器和瓷器之间的过渡品，或者称它是一种软质瓷器。
As Chinese porcelain continuously flowed into Europe, its influence on European life deepened, leading to European attempts at imitation. The relatively successful "Medici porcelain" from Florence was actually a transitional product between glass and porcelain, or a type of soft-paste porcelain.
1710年，德国东部德累斯顿成功烧制出真正意义上的瓷器，被称为"伯特格尔瓷"。自此以后，欧洲各国掌握了制瓷技术，欧洲本土的瓷器源源不断地被生产出来。
In 1710, Dresden in eastern Germany successfully produced true porcelain, called "Böttger porcelain." Thereafter, European nations mastered porcelain-making techniques, leading to continuous local production.
另外值得一提的是，中国外销瓷器并非仅仅对欧洲文明产生了深远影响，随着大航海将世界联为一体，中国瓷器也随之进入了世界的各个角落。
It's worth noting that Chinese export porcelain didn't just influence European civilization. As the Age of Exploration connected the world, Chinese porcelain reached every corner of the globe.
