Yesterday, Trump raised the price of an HB-1 visa to $100,000. My clickbait question is the wrong question. Trump shouldn’t be setting the price of the H-1 visa. The free market should.
Immigration is such a politicized issue. Chuck Schumer recently said he wants a path to citizenship for all the illegal immigrants in the US. I remember when I was lectured by the left that “replacement theory” wasn’t real and just a conspiracy theory against illegal aliens. One of Trump’s most popular campaign themes was to end illegal immigration, and he’s done that. The border is closed, and we are sending illegal immigrants back. Democratic socialists and other hack Democratic politicians are engaging in show pony tactics at ICE locations across the country. This is another 20% issue they are defending, and frankly, there is no honor in it.
You have to give Trump credit. He is the first politician to take on illegal immigration and immigration in a meaningful way in a century.
If you are a regular reader of this blog, you know that I advocate for the Gary Becker method to cure the US and virtually every other country’s immigration problem.
For those who might be new to the blog, some background. Gary Becker was a Nobel Prize-winning economist from the University of Chicago. What he did was take economic concepts and apply them to places where economics had not been used before to understand them. His first groundbreaking study was on the economics of discrimination. What’s the cost of discrimination? There is a larger cost to policies like Jim Crow beyond the obvious human toll. He uncovered it.
When I went to the University of Chicago to get an MBA, one of the first lectures I ever heard was from Professor Kevin Murphy. Murphy encouraged us to forget what we knew about economics and discover it again. In his talk, he said that economics is everywhere.
Why?
As Thomas Sowell accurately says, economics is the study of scarcity, not money. It’s about trade-offs and opportunity costs. On his blog, I recall Becker saying that the death penalty was a trade-off. He said research had shown that executing a murderer stopped roughly twenty other murders.
Murphy went deeper. He asked the class how many people were married. He said, “There is a marriage market. There is a supply of people, and a demand to get married. Everyone has a price that they will transact.” People chuckled that economics could enter into a very human and emotional decision about love and a mate, but Murphy went on to prove that it is true.
What’s that got to do with HB-1 visas, Trump, Becker, and immigration?
My friend Vishal Verma sponsored a “Brown Bag Lunch”. You could bring a lunch and listen to a professor from U of C present a theory they had been working on. It was a chance to learn. It was a chance for the professor to present their theory to a live audience, get a reaction, and receive questions. The lunch helped the professor work on their theory. The very first lunch was Gary Becker presenting his theory on how to fix immigration.
When he presented it, a hush and then a negative fervor went through the room. Many of the students were international. They were outraged that the US, or any country, would charge a price for immigration. It was unfair.
Becker counters many objections here.
Here he presents it in an hour-long lecture. If you have not watched it, you can skip up to the part where he presents the theory. It’s dry. Becker was a bit dry. He wasn’t as showy as Milton Friedman. But it is a radical and very elegant solution to our problem.
Instead of arguing about who can come from where, demonizing groups, or anything like that, the argument becomes about price. The market sets the price.
Here is a link to a shorter piece on the Becker idea. Edward Lazear is also credited. Lazear has also passed away, sadly.
Singapore is a small country in Southeast Asia. You can purchase citizenship there. The government sets the price. Becker’s concept, in the main, isn’t out of the realm. The US and other countries have had programs where there was some token cost to immigrate on some specified terms. The HB-1 visa is one example, but there are others.
Trump arbitrarily picked a price. Why not $50,000? Why not $500,000? Why is $100,000 the perfect price? We don’t know because there are no market forces deriving it. It’s simply a centralized government entity saying what the price should be. It doesn’t even matter if the price is close to what the actual price might be. Since the market didn’t set it, we have no confidence that the price is right.
Trump setting the price at $100,000 doesn’t go far enough because it doesn’t let the market work. Becker initially postulated a price of $50,000 but even he would say there was little rigor around the price but you had to start somewhere. Let’s assume that the price was correct and adjust it for inflation. The new price would be $83,000. Trump is in the ballpark, especially when you look at the arguments below.
Free markets work when you have interested buyers and sellers bidding and offering against each other to transact for their benefit at a price. Those buyers and sellers want to maximize their utility. Buyers want to get whatever they want at the cheapest price. Sellers want to sell at the highest price.
This is NOT the case with immigration and HB-1 visas. Both buyers and sellers want to transact at the lowest price.
There are true societal benefits to immigration that come with true costs. More people demand services, both public and private. It’s beyond this blog post to speculate on the entire scope of benefit and strain, and what will happen, but you can imagine it. In cities where illegal immigration is high, school systems and public health systems are overwhelmed. There is a tangible cost to taxpayers for that and for the deficit spending many governments have gone to in order to house, feed, and clothe illegals.
Becker argued for a binding price floor. Here is how a price floor works graphically. We have price floors in many commodity goods already in America, so this is not foreign.
For a price floor to work, it must be set slightly above the market equilibrium price.
For instance, if the minimum wage in a particular state is $12, and a company would like to pay their employees $14 per hour, this is not an issue—this is not a binding price floor. Conversely, if a company would like to pay employees $10, this will not work, because that amount is lower than the price floor—in this case, it is a binding price floor.
In other words, if you start at a price of, say, $50, and then keep lowering the price, which price do you hit first? If you arrive at the price floor price first, that means it is binding. And if you arrive at the equilibrium price first, this means the price floor is not binding.
The other factor driving the marketplace for immigration is the number of green cards and HB-1 visas that are available. That creates some scarcity. Scarcity creates incentives for buyers and sellers to bid/offer above the floor.
If every country adopted Becker’s idea, there would be a competitive market for immigration among countries. The UK and the US would compete in the open market for immigrants. Immigrants would be empowered with choice, which would help derive a better market-driven price. That concept is not dissimilar from US states having different laws and tax schemes.
Competition for immigration is going to force a country to create a desirable place for people to emigrate to. There is not a lot of demand to immigrate to China or North Korea for obvious reasons. No one is knocking down the door to immigrate to Russia.
Another layer of incentives in the market is who pays? Who should pay the price? The immigrant? The employer?
The answer is we don’t care. All we care about is that the price they pay is market-driven at or above the binding price floor. Critics will say we are encouraging “slavery”. An employer could pay 100% of the price, and the immigrant would be tied to that employer with no recourse. If an employer pays for education, aren’t employees similarly tied?
Suppose ABC Company pays for an immigrant to come to the US. They pay $125,000. Assume the terms of the payment mean the immigrant has to work for the ABC company for 5 years. Again, we don’t care about those terms because the immigrant will negotiate them with the company privately. We assume that the immigrant is a pretty smart and valuable employee if the company is willing to pay that kind of cost to get them. There is nothing predatory about it. The immigrant could stay in their home country or perhaps emigrate to another country.
The immigrant comes and works for ABC.
They are working and hear about a better opportunity with the XYZ company. What happens? Are they precluded from going to work for XYZ because of their prior contract with ABC? No.
The immigrant could negotiate with XYZ to pay off ABC and then take the new job. ABC and XYZ would negotiate. Again, everyone is bargaining in their self-interest, so the market works. No government regulation needed.
Of course, immigrants would be subject to background checks. No one wants to unknowingly bring in terrorists. People who truly are at risk in their own countries and need asylum would be an exception as well.
In the linked piece above, they added this wrinkle. What about low-skilled workers? With HB-1 visas, we think about highly skilled workers.
But what about low-skilled workers? Our economy needs these kinds of workers too, but it is unlikely that a would-be low-skilled immigrant would ever pay $50,000 for citizenship. After all, that fee is many times greater than the earning advantage the immigrant would reasonably expect from coming to the U.S. in the first place. The Becker/Lazear plan is mindful of this too. It proposes allowing immigrants to enter the country on a temporary basis by paying an annual fee rather than purchasing outright citizenship at the high cost. A guest worker program could fit into this temporary migrant category, allowing low-skill immigrants who do not have the means (or desire) to pay $50,000 for citizenship to still enter the country and work. This would be good for immigrants, and good for the U.S. economy.
Where does the payment for immigration go? It goes to the US Treasury. It will pay down debt.
Creating a market for immigration will also not strain local public services. Data shows that HB-1 visa immigrants do not access welfare or other government transfer payments. Many of them send money home, which helps their family raise their standard of living in their home country. Creating a marketplace is not only a net positive for the United States and its treasury but also for the world.
Illegal immigration and open borders stink. You cannot have open borders and a welfare state.
You must give Trump credit for being on the right track by setting a high price to get an HB-1 visa. But, he needs to carry the ball over the goal line and just blow the entire idea of traditional immigration up. Embrace the free market and structure it so it works.
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