Generate n uniform random genomes with individual genome elements bounded by ranges. This corresponds to random uniform sampling of points (genomes) from a hyperrectangle with a bounding box ranges.

Generate at most popsize genomes uniformly distributed in ranges.

Objective-proportionate (roulette wheel) selection: select n random items with each item's chance of being selected is proportional to its objective function (fitness). Objective function should be non-negative.

Stochastic universal sampling (SUS) is a selection technique similar to roulette wheel selection. It gives weaker members a fair chance to be selected, which is proportinal to their fitness. Objective function should be non-negative.

Performs tournament selection among size individuals and returns the winner. Repeat n times.

Apply given scaling or other transform to population before selection.

Transform objective function values before seletion.

Replace objective function values in the population with their ranks. For a population of size n, a genome with the best value of objective function has rank n' <= n, and a genome with the worst value of objective function gets rank 1.

rankScale may be useful to avoid domination of few super-genomes in rouletteSelect or to apply rouletteSelect when an objective function is not necessarily positive.

A popular niching method proposed by D. Goldberg and J. Richardson in 1987. The shared fitness of the individual is inversely protoptional to its niche count. The method expects the objective function to be non-negative.

An extension for minimization problems is implemented by making the fitnes proportional to its niche count (rather than inversely proportional).

Reference: Chen, J. H., Goldberg, D. E., Ho, S. Y., & Sastry, K. (2002, July). Fitness inheritance in multiobjective optimization. In Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (pp. 319-326). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc..

1-norm distance: sum |x_i - y-i|.

2-norm distance: (sum (x_i - y_i)^2)^(1/2).

Infinity norm distance: max |x_i - y_i|.

Reorders a list of individual solutions, by putting the best in the head of the list.

Blend crossover (BLX-alpha) for continuous genetic algorithms. For each component let x and y be its values in the first and the second parent respectively. Choose corresponding component values of the children independently from the uniform distribution in the range (L,U), where L = min (x,y) - alpha * d, U = max (x,y) + alpha * d, and d = abs (x - y). alpha is usually 0.5. Takahashi in [10.1109/CEC.2001.934452] suggests 0.366.

Unimodal normal distributed crossover (UNDX) for continuous genetic algorithms. Recommended parameters according to [ISBN 978-3-540-43330-9] are sigma_xi = 0.5, sigma_eta = 0.35/sqrt(n), where n is the number of variables (dimensionality of the search space). UNDX mixes three parents, producing normally distributed children along the line between first two parents, and using the third parent to build a supplementary orthogonal correction component.

UNDX preserves the mean of the offspring, and also the covariance matrix of the offspring if sigma_xi^2 = 0.25. By preserving distribution of the offspring, /the UNDX can efficiently search in along the valleys where parents are distributed in functions with strong epistasis among parameters/ (idem).

Run unimodalCrossover with default recommended parameters.

Simulated binary crossover (SBX) operator for continuous genetic algorithms. SBX preserves the average of the parents and has a spread factor distribution similar to single-point crossover of the binary genetic algorithms. If n > 0, then the heighest probability density is assigned to the same distance between children as that of the parents.

The performance of real-coded genetic algorithm with SBX is similar to that of binary GA with a single-point crossover. For details see Simulated Binary Crossover for Continuous Search Space (1995) Agrawal etal.

Select a random point in two genomes, and swap them beyond this point. Apply with probability p.

Select two random points in two genomes, and swap everything in between. Apply with probability p.

Swap individual bits of two genomes with probability p.

Don't crossover.

Crossover all available parents. Parents are not repeated.

Produce exactly n offsprings by repeatedly running the crossover operator between randomly selected parents (possibly repeated).

For every variable in the genome with probability p replace its value v with v + sigma*N(0,1), where N(0,1) is a normally distributed random variable with mean equal 0 and variance equal 1. With probability (1 - p)^n, where n is the number of variables, the genome remains unaffected.