The purpose of this specification is to provide a common interface for simple placeholder objects returned from async operations. This allows libraries and components from different vendors to create coroutines regardless of the placeholder implementation used. This specification is not designed to replace promise implementations that may be chained. Instead, the common interface may be extended by promise implementations.

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.

A Promise represents the eventual result of an asynchronous operation. Interaction with a Promise happens through its when() method, which registers a callback to receive either a Promise's eventual value, or reason for failure.

Promise is the fundamental primitive in asynchronous programming. It should be as lightweight as possible, as any cost adds up significantly.

This specification defines the absolute minimum for interoperable coroutines, which can be implemented in PHP using generators.

This specification does not deal with how a Promise should be created, succeed, or fail, as only the consumption of Promise is required to be interoperable.

For further design explanations and notes, please refer to the meta document.

1. Promise is an object implementing AsyncInterop\Promise and conforming to this specification.
2. Value is any legal PHP value (including null), but not an instance of AsyncInterop\Promise.
3. Error is any value that can be thrown using the throw statement.
4. Reason is an error indicating why a Promise has failed.

A Promise MUST be in one of three states: pending, succeeded, failed.

• Must not change refers to the reference being immutable in case of an object, not the object itself being immutable.

A Promise is resolved once it either succeeded or failed.

A Promise MUST implement AsyncInterop\Promise and thus provide a when() method to access its value or reason.

<?php namespace AsyncInterop; /**  * Representation of the future value of an asynchronous operation.  */ interface Promise { /**  * Registers a callback to be invoked when the promise is resolved.  *  * If the promise is already resolved, the callback MUST be executed immediately.  *  * @param callable(\Throwable|\Exception|null $exception, $value) @onResolved `$reason` shall be `null` on  * success, `$value` shall be `null` on failure.  *  * @return mixed Return type and value are unspecified.  */ public function when(callable $onResolved); }

All callbacks registered before the Promise is resolved MUST be executed in the order they were registered after the Promise has been resolved. Callbacks registered after the resolution MUST be executed immediately.

The invocation of Promise::when() MUST NOT throw exceptions bubbling up from a $onResolved invocation. If one of the callbacks throws an Exception or Throwable, it MUST be forwarded to AsyncInterop\Promise\ErrorHandler::notify. The Promise implementation MUST then continue to call the remaining callbacks with the original parameters.

Registered callbacks MUST NOT be called from a file with strict types enabled (declare(strict_types=1)).

• Aaron Piotrowski
• Andrew Carter
• Bob Weinand
• Cees-Jan Kiewiet
• Christopher Pitt
• Daniel Lowrey
• Niklas Keller
• Stephen M. Coakley