The "speed dial" component inspired by Google Inbox allows for a small number of items to animate out from a floating action button (FAB). In the Material Design spec although there isn't any detail for this specific component, there are a few patterns and requirements noted for items animating out of FABs:

• The FAB should be attached/anchored to something and not in a random location
• A FAB menu has to contain related items. Consider an overflow menu for unrelated items.

There are a few inspirations:
Implementation: http://nobitagit.github.io/ng-material-floating-button/ (needs accessibility)
Design: https://dribbble.com/shots/1788016-Inbox-Speed-Dial-Animation
Google Inbox SpeedDial UX: MP4

Similar to a Bottom Sheet, the speed dial component is a mobile-focused component, and should be noted in the docs.

h/t to #1368.